The Hereditary Ontology for Phenoclinical Data
The Hereditary ontology models clinical and genomics data to provide a unifying layer to query different database sources through an Ontology-Based Data Access (OBDA) framework. This part of the ontology focuses on phenoclinical data for ALS and MS patients.
Copyright 2024-2027 University of Padua, Italy Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ You may obtain a copy of the License at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode This work has been supported by the HEREDITARY project https://hereditary-project.eu/ funded by the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No GA101137074
The range of skos:altLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties.
alternative label
An alternative lexical label for a resource.
Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel).
change note
A note about a modification to a concept.
definition
A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept.
editorial note
A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary.
example
An example of the use of a concept.
The range of skos:hiddenLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
hidden label
A lexical label for a resource that should be hidden when generating visual displays of the resource, but should still be accessible to free text search operations.
history note
A note about the past state/use/meaning of a concept.
note
A general note, for any purpose.
This property may be used directly, or as a super-property for more specific note types.
A resource has no more than one value of skos:prefLabel per language tag, and no more than one value of skos:prefLabel without language tag.
The range of skos:prefLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
preferred label
The preferred lexical label for a resource, in a given language.
scope note
A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept.
Relation between a producer and a produced entity: for example, between a sensor and the produced output.
It defines the relationship between air pollution concentration individuals and their time of recording.
APConcentrationTime
It defines the relationship between a therapeutic treatment and the specific administration details.
administration
It defines the relationship between The end therapy reason and the adverse reaction occurred.
adverseReaction
It defines the location of a trauma, onset, surgical procedure or diagnostic imaging.
anatomicalLocation
It defines the relationship between a person and his or her birthplace.
birthplace
It defines the relationship between a relapse and a co-occurring pregnancy.
coexistingPregnancy
It defines the relationship between a clinical trial and a clinic or hospital. In particular, a clinical trial is conducted in a clinic or hospital.
conductedInClinic
It defines the relationship between the end therapy reason and a pregnancy, meaning the therapeutic treatment was interrupted due to a confirmed pregnancy.
confirmedPregnancy
It defines the relationship between an event and an intervetion or procedure. In particular, an event could consist in an intervention or procedure.
consists
It defines the relationship between the sensing device for environmental data and the covered place.
coveredPlace
It defines the relationship between a comorbidity and the disease that determines it.
determinedBy
It defines the relationship between a person and a clinical trial participation. In particular, a person can be enrolled in a clinical trial participation.
enrolledIn
It defines the relationship between a person and a disease which he or she suffers from.
hasDisease
It defines the patient's ethnicity. For instance, we say that: :Peter :hasEthnicity _:b . _:b a Group (social concept); a skos:Concept.
hasEthnicity
It defines the relation between a patient and a kinship. For instance, we say that: :Peter :hasKinship _:b . _:b a Kinship; :hasKinshipType http://aunt. http://aunt a KinshipType; a skos:Concept.
hasKinship
This property is functional because we refer only to biological kinship thus a person can only have one biological kinship with a specific person.
It defines the relation between a Kinship and a KinshipType. For instance, we say that: :Peter :hasKinship _:b . _:b a Kinship; :hasKinshipType http://aunt. http://aunt a KinshipType; a skos:Concept.
hasKinshipType
It defines the relationship between a patient and his or her occupation.
hasOccupation
It defines the relationsihip between an event and an activity. In particular, during an event a specific type of activity can be registered.
hasRegisteredActivity
It defines the relationsihip between an event and a comorbidity. In particular, during an event a preexisting condition can be registered.
hasRegisteredCondition
It defines the relationship between a clinical trial participation and a clinical trial. In particular, a clinical trial participation refers to a clinical trial.
The relationship of kinship between a patient with another Person (who might also be a Patient)
inKinshipWith
It defines the relationship between a clinical trial and the disease studied in it.
isAboutDisease
It defines the relationship between an hematology test and the observed laboratory results.
observedResult
It defnies the relationship between a genetic testing and a gene. In particular, a genetic testing looks for some genetic mutations on a gene.
onGene
It defines the relationship between the therapeutic procedure and the perfomed therapeutic treatments.
performedTreatment
It defines the relationship between a therapeutic treatment and the employed pharmacologic subastance.
pharmacologicSubstance
It defines the relationship between a patient's residence and its location.
placeLocation
It defines the relationship between an event and a pregnancy that can be registrered during the event.
pregnancy
It defines the relationship between an event and a relapse that can be registered during the event.
relapse
It defines the relationship between a relapse and a MRI that has been required.
requiredMRI
It defines the relationship between a person and his or her residence.
residence
It defines the realtionship between the surgical procedure and the specific type of surgical procedure.
surgicalType
It defines the relationship betwen a patient and a genetic testing. In particular, a patient can be tested for genetic mutations.
tested
It defines the relationship between a CSF Analysis and a test for the presence of oligoclonal bands.
testedForOligoclonalBands
It defines the relationship between the therapeutic treatment and the type of therapeutic procedure that has been administered.
therapyType
It defines the relationship between an event and a trauma that can be registered during the event.
trauma
It defines the relationship between patient and event. In particular, a patient can undergo some events.
undergo
links the Local Health Autority to the administred territories.
comprisesPlace
The IgG index is the ratio of the quotients for IgG and albumin (IgGcsf/IgGs)/(Albcsf/Albs). It is a quantitative analysis of the relationship between CSF IgG and serum IgG, divided by the same relationship for albumin. [Definition Source: Simonsen, Cecilia Smith et al. “The diagnostic value of IgG index versus oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis.” Multiple sclerosis journal - experimental, translational and clinical vol. 6,1 2055217319901291. 22 Jan. 2020]
IgGIndexCSF
An indicator of whether the patient contracted Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in paediatric age.
MSInPaediatricAge
Whether a patient had an abdominal surgery.
abdominalSurgery
The year in which an activity ended.
activityEndYear
The year in which the activity started.
acitivityStartYear
The type of physical activity carried out.
activityType
The frequency of administration of the pharmacological substance.
administrationFrequency
Designation of the part of the body through which or into which, or the way in which, the medicinal product is intended to be introduced. In some cases a medicinal product can be intended for more than one route and/or method of administration. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: ICH]
administrationRoute
The Unit of Measure (UoM) of the adminstration dose.
administrationUoM
A definite quantity of a medicine or drug given or prescribed to be given at one time. [Definition Source: Oxford English Dictionary]
administrationDose
Age of the patient at the onset.
ageOnset
A quantitative measurement of albumin present in a sample of CSF. Unit of measure : [mg/l].
albuminCSF
Whether a patient drinks alcohol.
alcoholUse
Whether the patient is still alive.
alive
Item 1 for ALSFRS: Speech.
alsfrs1
Item 10 for Revised ALSFRS: Dyspnea.
alsfrs10
Item 11 for Revised ALSFRS: Orthopnea.
alsfrs11
Item 12 for Revised ALSFRS: Respiratory Insufficiency.
alsfrs12
Item 2 for ALSFRS: Salivation.
alsfrs2
Item 3 for ALSFRS: Swallowing.
alsfrs3
Item 4 for ALSFRS: Handwriting.
alsfrs4
Item 5 for ALSFRS: Cutting food and handling utensilis.
alsfrs5
Item 6 for ALSFRS: Dressing and hygiene.
alsfrs6
Item 7 for ALSFRS: Turning in bed and adjusting blankets.
alsfrs7
Item 8 for ALSFRS: Walking.
alsfrs8
Item 9 for ALSFRS: Climbing Stairs.
alsfrs9
Original item 10 for ALSFRS: Breathing.
alsfrsOriginal10
Whether the CSF specimen is normal or presents alterations.
alterationCSF
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for ambulation.
ambulationEDSS
Whether a patient ever had an autoimmune disease.
autoimmuneDisease
Whether the patient experienced axial onset. The Axial Skeleton is the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs. [Definition Source: NCI]
axialOnset
Whether a patient smoked before the age of 20.
before20Years
The year in which a person was born. [Definition Source: NCI]
birthYear
Weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in metres, used esp. as an indicator of obesity or general nutritional status; also called Quetelet index; abbreviated BMI. [Definition Source: Oxford English Dictionary]
bodyMassIndex
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for bowel and bladder functions.
bowelAndBladderEDSS
Whether the relapse involved bowel and bladder functions.
bowelAndBladderRelapse
The level of brain atrophy (cerebral atrophy) found in the brain of the patient shown by the MRI.
brainAtrophyMRI
Whether the relapse involved the brainstem functions.
brainstemRelapse
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for brainstem functions.
brainstemEDSS
Whether the patient experienced bulbar onset, which means he or she first notice speech or swallowing problems. [Definition Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]
bulbarOnset
Bulbar ALSFRS subscore. Sum of items: 1, 2 and 3.
bulbarSubscore
Whether a patient ever had a cardiac disease.
cardiacDisease
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for cerebellar functions.
cerebellarEDSS
Whether the relapse involved the celebellar functions.
cerebellarRelapse
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for cerebral functions.
cerebralEDSS
Whether a patient had a cervical spine surgery.
cervicalSpineSurgery
Whether a patient had a cervical trauma.
cervicalTrauma
The description of a clinical trial.
clinicalTrialDescription
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) evaluated by the physician.
clinicallyEvaluatedEDSS
Whether the relapse involved the mental functions.
cognitiveRelapse
The severity of a comorbidity.
comorbiditySeverity
The treatment used for the comorbidity.
comorbidityTreatment
The name of the hematopoietic component tested in the laboratory test result.
componentName
Raw air pollution concentration measured by the Sensing Device.
concentrationMeasurement
The calendar date of the end of the registered prexisting conditon.
conditionEnd
The calendar date of the start of the registered prexisting conditon.
conditionStart
Whether the MRI detected the presence of extended contiguous lesions equal to or greater than three vertical segments.
contiguousLesionsMRI
The number of cigarettes smoked in one day on average.
dailyCigarettes
The circumstance or condition that results in the death of a living being. [Definition Source: NCI]
deathCause
The calendar date of subject's death. [Definition Source: NCI]
deathDate
The preferred hand of use for controlled and efficient performance of motor tasks. [Definition Source: NCI]
dextricity
Whether a patient ever had diabetes.
diabetes
A standard from which a judgment concerning a medical diagnosis can be established. [Definition Source: NCI]
diagnosticCriteria
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal. [Definition Source: MSH]
diet
Whether a patient ever had dyslipidemia.
dyslipidemia
An indication of the years of schooling completed in graded public, private, or parochial schools, and in colleges, universities, or professional schools. [Definition Source: NCI]
educationLevel
The reason for the interruption of the subject's participation in a clinical trial.
The reason for the interruption of the therapeutic treatment.
endTherapyReason
The calendar date of the end of the event.
eventEnd
The calendar date of the start of the event.
eventStart
The body location of the evoked potential test.
evokedPotentialsLocation
Locations "upper left/upper right/lower left/lower right" can only be used for Evoked Potentials of type 'somatosensory' or 'motor'.
The evoked potential function test result.
evokedPotentialsResponse
Whether the test was a Visual Evoked Potential (VEP), Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP), Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) or Motor Evoked Potential (MEP).
evokedPotentialsType
Whether the MRI detected some gadolinium-enhanced lesions in T1.
gadoliniumLesionsT1MRI
The number of gadolinium-enhanced lesions in T1.
gadoliniumLesionsT1MRINumber
Whether the patient experienced generalized onset, that are widespread symptoms.
generalizedOnset
A procedure that can determine the DNA sequence for nearly the entire genome of an individual. [Definition Source: NCI]
genomeSequencing
A quantitative measurement of blood sugar present in a sample of CSF. Unit of measure : [mg/l].
glucoseCSF
The percentage of granulocytes present in a sample of CSF. Unit of measure : [%].
granulocytesCSF
Whether a patient had a major trauma before the disease onset.
hadMajorTrauma
Whether the patient had a surgical intervention before the disease onset.
hadSurgicalIntervention
Whether the gene tested positive or negative for mutations during genetic testing.
hasMutation
Whether a patient had a surgery in the head and neck area.
headNeckSurgery
Whether a patient had an head trauma.
headTrauma
Distance or measurement from the base upwards; altitude; stature (of the human body). [Source: Oxford English Dictionary]
height
Whether a patient ever had hypertension.
hypertension
A quantitative measurement of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) present in a sample of CSF. Unit of measure : [mg/l].
immunoglobulinGCSF
The level of intensity with which the physical activity is carried out.
intensity
The patient's disease stage according to the King's Staging System.
kingsValue
Whether the MRI detected some lesions in T!.
lesionsT1MRI
A quantitative measurement of leukocytes present in a sample of CSF. Unit of measure : [/mm3].
leukocytesCountCSF
Whether the patient experienced limb onset, which menas symptoms began in the arms or legs. [Definition Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke]
limbsOnset
Whether a patient had a lower limb surgery.
lowerLimbSurgery
Whether a patient had a lumbo sacral spine surgery.
lumboSacralSpineSurgery
Whether a patient had a lumbo sacral trauma.
lumboSacralTrauma
The percentage of lymphocytes present in a sample of CSF. Unit of measure : [%].
lymphocytesCSF
A demographic parameter indicating a person's current conjugal status. [Definition Source: NCI]
maritalStatus
The level of the hematopoietic component measured in the laboratory test result.
measuredLevel
This data property is populated only for numeric-valued test results.
Air pollution concentration value with seasonal components and noise removed.
measurementCalibrated
An indicator as to whether the female subject is in menopause. [Defintion source: NCI]
menopauseStatus
The patient's disease stage according to the MiToS staging system.
mitosValue
Whether a patient lost more than 10% of his or her body weight.
moreThan10PercentWeightloss
Motor ALSFRS subscore. Sum of items: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
motorSubscore
The Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease course identified in the patient.
multipleSclerosisType
This data property is used only for MS patients.
The type of mutation observed in the gene during genetic testing.
Whether a patient had a neck trauma.
neckTrauma
Whether the MRI detected new or enlarged gadolinium-enhanced lesions in T2 since the last MRI.
newOrEnlargedLesionsT2MRI
The number of new or enlarged gadolinium-enhanced lesions in T2 since the last MRI.
newOrEnlargedLesionsT2MRINumber
Whether the measured level is within the normal range for the tested hematopoietic component.
normalLevel
An open box for adding notes about the patient.
notes
The number of oligoclonal bands present in the specimen.
oligoclonalBandsNumber
Whether the tested specimen presents oligoclonal bands.
oligoclonalBandsPresence
Whether the oligoclonal bands were found in CSF or in CSF & serum.
oligoclonalBandsType
The time elapsed since the occurrence of an event that happened before the onset.
onsetElapsedTime
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale. Sum of items: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and old10.
originalALSFRS
Other symptoms experienced by the patient during onset.
otherOnset
Other functional systems involved in the relapse.
otherRelapse
Quantificator of lifetime tobacco exposure defined as: (number of cigarettes smoked per day) X (number of years smoked)/20.
packYear
The calendar date of the end of subject's partiicpation in a clinical trial.
participationEnd
The calendar date of the start of subject's partiicpation in a clinical trial.
participationStart
Whether the JC virus detected in the CSF specimen is pathological.
pathologicalJCCSF
This data property can only be populated in "visuJCTestedCSF" has value True.
Whether a patient had a pelivc surgery.
pelvicSurgery
The type of populated area that better describe the place.
placeArea
Whether the laboratory test result was positive or not.
positivityResult
This data property is only populated for positive/negative laboratory test result.
Whether the patient predominantly presents distal limbs impairment or proximal limbs impairment.
predominantLimbsImpairment
This data property is used only for ALS patients.
The side of the body that predominantly presents limb impariment.
predominantLimbsSide
Whether the patient presents a predominance of lower motor neuron, upper motor neuron or both.
predominantMotorNeuron
Any kind of complication related to the pregnancy.
pregnancyComplications
The calendar date in which the pregnancy ended.
pregnancyEnd
The event that ended the pregnancy.
pregnancyEndEvent
The calendar date in which the pregnancy started.
pregnancyStart
Whether a patient ever had a primary neoplasm.
primaryNeoplasm
The calendar date of the end of an intervention or procedure.
procedureEnd
The calendar start of an intervention or procedure.
procedureStart
A quantitative measurement of proteins present in a sample of CSF [ mg/l].
proteinsCSF
Occlusion pressure at 100 ms (P0.1) is defined as the negative pressure measured 100 ms after the initiation of an inspiratory effort performed against a closed respiratory circuit. [Definition Source: Beloncle, F., Piquilloud, L., Olivier, PY. et al. Accuracy of P0.1 measurements performed by ICU ventilators: a bench study. Ann. Intensive Care 9, 104 (2019)]
pulmonaryAOPAbs
Forced expiratory volume (FEV) is the amount of air expired in six seconds of the FVC test. [Definition Source: John Hopkins Medicine]
pulmonaryFEV6
The percentage of Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the amount of air exhaled forcefully and quickly after inhaling as much as you can. [Defintion Source: John Hopkins Medicine]
pulmonaryFVCRel
Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) is the highest pressure that can be developed during a forceful expiratory effort against an occluded airway. It is usually measured at maximal inspiration and reported as a positive number in either cm H2O or mmHg. [Definition Source: The University of Texas Medical Branch]
pulmonaryMEPAbs
Maximum Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) is the lowest pressure developed during a forceful inspiration against an occluded airway. It is usually measured at maximal expiration and recorded as a negative number in either cm H2O or mmHg. [Definition Source: The University of Texas Medical Branch]
pulmonaryMIPAbs
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood. This is a sensitive indication of the efficiency or level of ventilation of the lungs. [Definition Source: Collins Dictionary of Medicine]
pulmonaryPCO2
The partial pressure of oxigen (PO2) is the concentration of oxygen in the blood. This commonly measured parameter is an important indicator of the efficiency with which oxygen is transferred from atmosphere to blood. [Definition Source: Collins Dictionary of Medicine]
pulmonaryPO2
Vital capacity (VC) is the total volume of air that can be exhaled after inhaling as much as you can. [Definition Source: John Hopkins Medicine]
pulmonaryVCAbs
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for pyramidal functions.
pyramidalEDSS
Whether the relapse involved the pyramidal functions.
pyramidalRelapse
CSF/serum albumin ratio is performed to understand the blood–CSF barrier disruption. [Defintion Source: Luque, Francisco A, and Stephen L Jaffe. “Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in multiple sclerosis.” International review of neurobiology vol. 79 (2007)]
quotientAlbuminCSF
Whether the relapse required treatment in an ambulatory care clinic.
relapseClinicalTherapy
Whether the relapse required a cortisone therapy.
relapseCortisoneTherapy
The number of days the relapse lasted.
relapseDuration
The calendar date of the end of the relapse.
relapseEnd
Whether the relapse required an hospital admission.
relapseHospitalAdmission
Whether the relapse afftecd the Activity of Daily Living (ADL).
relapseImpactOnADL
How much the patient recovered from the relapse.
relapseRecovery
Whether the patient presented symptoms continuing in time, maybe less severe.
relapseSequela
The severity of the relapse.
relapseSeverity
The calendar date of the start of the relapse.
relapseStart
The calendar end date of the patient's residence in a specific geographical location.
residenceEnd
The calendar start date of the patient's residence in a specific geographical location.
residenceStart
Respiratory ALSFRS subscore. Sum of items: 10, 11 and 12.
respiratorySubscore
An indicator of whether the patient was retired at the time of diagnosis.
retiredAtDiagnosis
Revised Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale. Sum of items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for sensory functions.
sensoryEDSS
Whether the relapse involved sensory functions.
sensoryRelapse
The assemblage of physical properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female; the physical difference between male and female; the distinguishing peculiarity of male or female. [Definition Source: NCI]
sex
The feeling an individual has about their own sexual preferences and how those views are acted upon. [Definition Source: NCI]
sexuality
Whether a patient ever had a stroke.
stroke
The exposure to incident light from the sun. [Definition Source: NCI]
sunExposure
Whether a patient had a thoracic spine surgery.
thoracicSpineSurgery
Whether a patient had a thoracic surgery.
thoracicSurgery
Whether a patient had a thoracic trauma.
thoracicTrauma
Whether a patient ever had a thyroid disorder.
thyroidDisorder
The total number of lesions in T2 detected with the MRI.
totalLesionsT2MRI
The calendar date in which the trauma occurred.
traumaDate
A description of the trauma
traumaDescription
The unit of measure of reference of the laboratory test result.
unitOfMeasure
Whether a patient had an upper limb surgery.
upperLimbSurgery
Whether the presence of JC virus was tested in the CSF specimen.
virusJCTestedCSF
Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) score for visual (optic) functions.
visualEDSS
The amplitude for the Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) wave. [Source: Wikipedia - consulted on November 25th, 2022] Unit of Measure: [uV].
visualEvokedPotentialAmplitude
This data property can only be used for Evoked Potential of type 'visual'.
The average peak latency for the Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) wave at approximately 100 ms following stimulus onset. [Source: Wikipedia - consulted on November 25th, 2022] Unit of Measure: [microsec].
visualEvokedPotentialLatency
Whether the relapse involved visual functions.
visualRelapse
The number of times per week physical activity takes place.
weeklyFrequency
Measurement of quantity by means of weighing; quantity (in the abstract) as determined in this way. [Definition Source: Oxford English Dictionary]
weight
A group of letters or numbers, or both, added to a postal address to facilitate the sorting and delivery of mail. Later also: the area designated by such a code. [Definition Source: Oxford English Dictionary]
zipCode
The zip code hashed for privacy reasons.
zipHashed
The coefficient of betweeness centrality for connectivity tests.
betweenessCentralityCoefficient
The level of PCO2 in the blood.
bloodGasPCO2
The pH of the blood.
bloodGasPH
The level of PO2 in the blood.
bloodGasPO2
The level of SO2 in the blood.
bloodGasSO2
The coefficient of clustering for connectivity tests.
clusteringCoefficient
Presence of conduction blocks on electromyography.
conductionBlocks
Risk factor associated to electric trauma.
electricTraumaRisk
The outcome of the electromyography test.
electromyographyOutcome
Boolean data property stating whether the patient experienced emotional liability during the visit.
emotionalLiability
Whether a patient has ever smoked.
everSmoked
The format of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
formatDKEFS
Further relapse before plasmapheresis (PL): A treatment that removes harmful antibodies from the blood.
furtherRelapseBeforePL
The global coefficient for connectivity tests.
globalCoefficient
Risk factor associated to herbicides.
herbicidesRisk
Hoffman's Reflex on the left side.
hoffmanLeft
Hoffman's Reflex on the right side.
hoffmanRight
Cutaneous-Plantar Reflex of the left foot.
leftPlantarReflex
Tendon Reflex of the lower limbs
lowerLimbsTendonReflex
Clinical assessment of the masseteric reflex.
massetericReflex
Risk factor associated to metals.
metalsRisk
Old
SEBIA
CSF analysis method.
methodCSF
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS)
Diagnosis following 2010 criteria
msDiagnosis2010Criteria
Clinical assessment of muscle atrophy.
muscleAtrophy
Clinical assessment of muscle tone.
muscleTone
Outcome of the muscle biopsy.
muscleBiopsyOutcome
Whether a CSF analysis was performed.
performedCSF
Whether the CSF analysis was performed.
performedCSFAnalysis
Whether the muscle biopsy was performed.
performedMuscleBiopsy
Risk factor associated to pesticides.
pesticidesRisk
The outcome of the PET scan.
petOutcome
Risk factor associated to poliomyelitis.
polioRisk
Rao's classification divides lesions into four types: • Type I: Hyperintense lesions only on T2. • Type II: Lesions isointense on T1, hyperintense on T2, without enhancement. • Type III: Lesions isointense on T1, hyperintense on T2, with incomplete enhancement in the shape of an open ring. • Type IV: Lesions isointense on T1, hyperintense on T2, with complete enhancement in the shape of a closed ring.
raoClassification
Cutaneous-Plantar Reflex of the right foot.
rightPlantarReflex
Questionnaire's score reported by a patient.
selfReportedScore
Risk factor associated with solvents.
solventsRisk
Risk factor associated to sport.
sportRisk
Wasting of the tongue. [Definition Source: HPO]
tongueAtrophy
Fasciculations or fibrillation affecting the tongue muscle. [Definition Source: HPO]
tongueFasciculation
Tongue not extending beyond the alveolar ridges or teeth at rest. [PMID:19125428]
tongueNotProtruding
Tongue extending beyond the alveolar ridges or teeth at rest. [PMID:19125428]
tongueProtrusion
Pressing forward of the tongue in the mouth, a retained motoric habit from infantile swallowing patterns [PMID:34413610]
tongueThrust
Risk factor associated to trauma.
traumaRisk
Clinical assessment of upper limbs mobility and coordination.
upperLimbsMobility
Tendon Reflex test for the upper limbs.
upperLimbsTendonReflex
Boolean property stating whether the patient had urinary urgency during the visit.
urinaryUrgency
Boolean property stating whether the patient follows urinary urgency therapy.
urinaryUrgencyTherapy
Clinical assessment of walking ability.
walkEvaluation
A human being. [Definition Source: NCI]
Person
Comorbidities checked for ALS patient in the BRAINTEASER study.
ALS Brainteaser Comorbidities
The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS) is an instrument for evaluating the functional status of patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. It can be used to monitor functional change in a patient over time. [Definition Source: Georgetown University Hospital - Medstar Health]
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS)
An active process; excludes processes and mechanisms which fulfill biological functions. [Definition Source: NCI]
Activity
In our data we refer to it as "Behaviour".
The act of the dispensing, applying, or tendering of something to another, such as administration of a medicine. [Definition Source: NCI]
Administration
Any detrimental or unintended response associated with the use of a medication in humans. [Definition Source: NCI]
Adverse Drug Reaction
Named locations of or within the body. [Definition Source: NCI]
Anatomic Site
Any event that happened to a patient before the onset.
Before Onset
The determination of the amount of carbon monoxide present in a sample. [Definition Source: NCI]
CO concentration
A laboratory analysis of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. [Definition Source: NCI]
CSF Analysis
An assessment of an individual's physical, mental, or emotional condition; information can be gathered from multiple sources, including physical exam, personal interview and observation, medical history, laboratory and imaging tests. [Definition Source: NCI]
Clinical Evaluation
A research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes. [Definition Source: NCI]
Clinical Trial
The participation in a clinical trial
Clinical Trial Participation
Institutions with an organized medical staff for the medical care, treatment, and cure of the sick and wounded, for the study of disease, and for the training of physicians, nurses, and allied health personnel. [Definition Source: NCI]
Clinics and Hospitals
The coexistence of two or more disease processes. [Definition Source: NCI]
Comorbidity
A state of being, such as a state of health. [Definition Source: NCI]
Conditon
The investigation, analysis and recognition of the presence and nature of disease, condition, or injury from expressed signs and symptoms; also, the scientific determination of any kind; the concise results of such an investigation. [Definition Source: NCI]
Diagnosis
Any method that uses a visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. [Definition Source: NCI]
Diagnostic Imaging
Any procedure or test to diagnose a disease or disorder. [Definition Source: NCI]
Diagnostic Procedure
A condition that is relevant to human neoplasms and non-neoplastic disorders. This includes observations, test results, history and other concepts relevant to the characterization of human pathologic conditions. [Definition Source: NCI]
Disease, Disorder or Finding
A system for quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on a standard neurological examination, the Expanded Disability Status Scale quantifies disability in seven Functional Systems (plus "Other") and assigns a Functional System Score in each. Results are ranked as steps from 0 to 10, with steps 1 through 4.5 describing MS patients who are fully ambulatory and steps 5 through 9.5 describing increasing impairment to ambulation. Step 10 refers to death due to MS. [Definition Source: NCI]
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)
The motivation for the interruption of the therapeutic treatment.
End Therapy Reason
Something that happens at a given place and time. [Definition Source: NCI]
Event
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported. [Definition Source: MSH]
Evoked Potentials
A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific position on a particular chromosome and serves as the template for a product that contributes to a phenotype or a biological function. [Definition Source: NCI]
Gene
The process of isolating and testing the DNA of an embryo or a person to detect the presence of genetic alterations or defects that may predispose to the future development of a disease or disorder. [Definition Source: NCI]
Genetic Testing
A group of individuals united by a common factor (e.g., geographic location, ethnicity, disease, age, gender) [Definition Source: NCI]
Group (social concept)
A laboratory test to measure hematopoietic components and investigate hematologic disorders in a blood sample. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hematology Test
Loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomic structure or function. [Definition Source: NCI]
Impairment
An activity that produces an effect, or that is intended to alter the course of a disease in a patient or population. This is a general term that encompasses the medical, social, behavioral, and environmental acts that can have preventive, therapeutic, or palliative effects. [Definition Source: NCI]
Intervention or Procedure
The King’s staging system consists of five disease stages, with Stage 5 being death. Stages 1–3 are based upon the number of El Escorial central nervous system (CNS) regions involved in the disease, measured by weakness, wasting, spasticity, dysphagia, or dysarthria. Stage 4 is nutritional failure, defined by the requirement for gastrostomy, or respiratory failure, defined by the requirement for noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and based upon the National Institute for Clinical Excellence MND Guidelines (Supplemental Material). [Definition Source: Balendra, Rubika et al. “A standard operating procedure for King's ALS clinical staging.” Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration vol. 20,3-4 (2019): 159-164.]
King's Clinical Staging Method
The relationship between members of the same family. [Cambridge Dictionary]
Kinship
This class is always instantiated as a blank node
The type of the relationship between members of the same family.
KinshipType
For the purpose of our ontology, we only consider biological kinship. We omit the word "biological" from the invidual's labels, for example "father" refers to "biological father".
The outcome of a laboratory test. [Definition Source: NCI]
Laboratory Test Result
Events occurred in the last 5 years (from the first visit).
Last 5 Years Event
A manner of living that reflects the person's values and attitudes. [Definition Source: NCI]
Lifestyle
Imaging that uses radiofrequency waves and a strong magnetic field rather than x-rays to provide detailed pictures of internal organs and tissues. The technique is valuable for the diagnosis of many pathologic conditions, including cancer, heart and vascular disease, stroke, and joint and musculoskeletal disorders. [Definition Source: NCI]
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
The Milano–Torino (MiToS) Staging system comprises six stages, based on functional impairment as assessed by the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R). [Definition Source: Balendra, Rubika et al. “A standard operating procedure for King's ALS clinical staging.” Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration vol. 20,3-4 (2019): 159-164.]
Milano-Torino Functional Staging System (MiToS)
Events occured more than 5 years ago, counting from the first visit.
More Than 5 Years Event
The principal activity that a person does to earn money. [Definition Source: NCI]
Occupation
The presence of more than one immunoglobulin band in the serum, urine, or cerebrospinal fluid. It usually results from infectious or immunologic disorders. [Definition Source: NCI]
Oligoclonal Bands
The start, beginning, or early stages. [Definition Source: NCI]
Onset
A technique for measuring the gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons (anti-electrons) within living tissue. In positron emission tomography (PET), a subject is given a dose of a positron-emitting radionuclide attached to a metabolically active substance (for example, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG), which is similar to a naturally occurring sugar, glucose, with the addition of a radioactive fluorine atom). When living tissue containing the positron emitter is bombarded by electrons, gamma radiation produced by collisions of electrons and positrons is detected by a scanner, revealing in fine detail the tissue location of the metabolically-active substance administered. [Definition Source: NCI]
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A person who receives medical attention, care, or treatment, or who is registered with medical professional or institution with the purpose to receive medical care when necessary. [Definition Source: NCI]
Patient
Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pharmacologic Substance
Any form of exercise or movement. Physical activity may include planned activity such as walking, running, basketball, or other sports. Physical activity may also include other daily activities such as household chores, yard work, walking the dog, etc. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: from NIDDK Glossary; http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/nutrit/pubs/glossary/glossaryintro.htm]
Physical Activity
A particular part or region of space; a physical locality, a locale; a spot, a location. [Definition Source: Oxford English Dictionary]
Place
The state or condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body (uterus), after union of an ovum and spermatozoon, during the period from conception to birth. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pregnancy
Other important events that occur during a trial but are not driven by protocol requirements. [Definition Source: NCI]
Protocol Event
A broad range of tests that are performed to assess how well lungs inhale and exhale air and how efficiently they transfer oxygen into the blood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pulmonary Function Test
A predetermined set of questions. [Definition Source: NCI]
Questionnaire
The return of a disease after a period of remission. [Definition Source: NCI]
Relapse
Any address at which a person dwells more than temporarily. [Definition Source: NCI]
Residence
The act of puffing and/or inhaling the combustion products of a substance so as to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. [Definition Source: NCI]
Smoking
A diagnostic or treatment procedure performed by manual and/or instrumental means, often involving an incision and the removal or replacement of a diseased organ or tissue; of or relating to or involving or used in surgery or requiring or amenable to treatment by surgery. [Definition Source: NCI]
Surgical Procedure
It defines some type of surgical procedures a patient could undergo.
Surgical Procedure Type
An action or administration of therapeutic agents to produce an effect that is intended to alter or stop a pathologic process. [Definition Source: NCI]
Therapeutic Procedure
It defines some type of therapeutic procedures that could be administered to a patient.
Therapeutic Procedure Type
The therapeutic treatment that has been administered to a patient.
Therapeutic Treatment
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity. [Definition Source: NCI]
Trauma
Comorbidities checked in a specific use-case, e.g. ALS patients in a specific study.
Use-Case Comorbidities
A Local Health Authority (Italian: azienda sanitaria locale), commonly abbreviated as ASL in Italian, or a Local Health Unit Authority, known as AUSL, is a public organization that falls under the purview of the Italian public administration. Its primary mandate is to deliver healthcare services to a specific territorial area, which is typically at the provincial level. In different regions of Italy, these entities are referred to by various designations, including ASP, ASM, ATS, and AST.
Local Health Autority
The Local Health Autority denomination in Veneto.
Company-Socio-Health Local Autority
BDI-II (Beck Depression Inventory-II) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess the severity of depression in multiple sclerosis patients. By analyzing BDI-II scores alongside brain connectivity metrics, researchers can explore how depression severity relates to brain network organization and function in individuals with MS.
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
Measurement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. [Definition Source: MSH]
Blood Gas Analysis
CLTR (Corpus Callosum Topography Score) quantifies lesion load and distribution within the corpus callosum of multiple sclerosis patients. By analyzing CLTR alongside brain connectivity metrics, researchers can assess how callosal damage affects inter-hemispheric communication efficiency and its impact on cognitive function.
Corpus Callosum Topography Score (CLTR)
The examination of the cognitive capacities or deficits of an individual through the application of tests that probe that individual's ability to perform various mental activities such as perception, learning, and reasoning. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cognitive Assessment
The Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) is a neuropsychological test used to measure a variety of verbal and nonverbal executive functions for both children and adults (ages 8–89 years). [Definition Source: Wikipedia]
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)
D-KEFS FSC (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Interference Switching Condition) assesses cognitive flexibility and switching ability in multiple sclerosis patients. By analyzing performance alongside brain connectivity metrics researchers can identify how MS affects brain networks involved in executive function and task switching.
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color-Word Interference Switching Condition (D-KEFS FSC)
D-KEFS FSD (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Design Fluency Condition) assesses creativity and the ability to generate novel ideas in multiple sclerosis patients. By analyzing performance alongside brain connectivity metrics, researchers can identify how MS affects brain networks involved in creative thinking and fluency.
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Design Fluency Condition (D-KEFS FSD)
D-KEFS SR (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test - Free Sort & Sort Recognition) assesses problem-solving, abstract thinking, and cognitive flexibility in multiple sclerosis patients. By analyzing performance alongside brain connectivity metrics, researchers can identify how MS affects brain networks involved in these cognitive processes.
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Sorting Test - Free Sort & Sort Recognition (D-KEFS SR)
An assessment of skeletal muscle function and nerve control, obtained by recording and studying the intrinsic electrical properties of the muscles. [Defintion Source: NCI]
Electromyography
FSS (Fatigue Severity Scale) is a patient-reported questionnaire used to assess the impact of fatigue on daily life in multiple sclerosis. Analyzing FSS scores alongside brain connectivity metrics can help understand how MS-related brain changes relate to fatigue severity and the efficiency of relevant brain networks.
Fatigue Severity Score (FSS)
A Hoffmann test is performed by flicking the fingernail of the long finger, from dorsal to volar, on each hand while the hand was supported by the examiner's hand. The test was done with the neck in the neutral position and then with the neck maximally forward flexed. Any flexion of the ipsilateral thumb and/or index finger was interpreted as a positive test. [PMID:11813951, PMID:20229121]
Hoffman's Reflex Test
LTS (Lesion Topography Score) quantifies lesion distribution in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. By examining LTS alongside brain connectivity metrics, researchers can assess how lesion location and extent affect brain network organization and communication efficiency, potentially influencing cognitive and motor function.
Lesion Topography Score (LTS)
MSNQ (Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Questionnaire) assesses cognitive and emotional aspects of life with multiple sclerosis, such as memory, attention, and depression. Analyzing MSNQ scores alongside brain connectivity metrics can provide insights into how MS-related brain changes impact self-reported cognitive and emotional functioning.
Multiple Scleroris Neuropsychological Questionnaire (MSNQ)
Removal of a small piece of muscle tissue for examination.
Muscle Biopsy
The assessment of the functionality of the brain, spinal column, and nerves. [Definition Source: NCI]
Neurologic Exam
PASAT (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test) assesses information processing speed and calculation ability in multiple sclerosis patients. By correlating PASAT scores with brain connectivity metrics, researchers can identify how MS affects brain networks involved in attention,working memory, and cognitive processing.
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)
Any aspect of an individual's life, behavior, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that increases the likelihood of a disease, condition or injury. [Definition Source: NCI]
Risk Factor
Symbol Digit Modalities Test. It is a neuropsychological test used to assess cognitive function, particularly attention,visual scanning, and motor speed. The SDMT involves matching symbols with numbers under a time constraint.
Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT)
SPART (Spatial Recall Test) assesses spatial learning and memory in multiple sclerosis patients by evaluating their ability to recall the location of objects on a board. Combining SPART scores with brain connectivity metrics can reveal how MS affects spatial memory networks and their efficiency, integration, and role in information flow.
Spatial Recall Test (SPART)
SPART-D: Symbol Digit Modalities Test – Delayed (delayed recall version of the SPART)
Symbol Digit Modalities Test - Delayed (SPART-D)
SRT-D (Selective Reminding Test – Delayed) assesses long-term verbal memory in multiple sclerosis patients by evaluating their ability to recall a word list after a delay. Combining SRT-D scores with brain connectivity metrics can reveal how MS affects memory consolidation and retrieval networks, and the efficiency of information flow within these networks.
Selective Reminding Test - Delayed
A questionnaire reported by the patient.
Self-Reported Questionnaire
Tendon Reflex Test
WLG: Word List Generation (a measure of verbal fluency)
Word List Generation (WLG)
Armed forces occupations include all jobs held by members of the armed forces. Members of the armed forces are those personnel who are currently serving in the armed forces, including auxiliary services, whether on a voluntary or compulsory basis, and who are not free to accept civilian employment and are subject to military discipline. Included are regular members of the army, navy, air force and other military services, as well as conscripts enrolled for military training or other service for a specified period. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 01 Commissioned Armed Forces Officers 02 Non-commissioned Armed Forces Officers 03 Armed Forces Occupations, Other Ranks Excluded from this group are: - jobs held by persons in civilian employment of government establishments concerned with defence issues; - police (other than military police); - customs inspectors and members of border or other armed civilian services.
Armed forces occupations
Commissioned armed forces officers provide leadership and management to organizational units in the armed forces and/or perform similar tasks to those performed in a variety of civilian occupations outside the armed forces. This group includes all members of the armed forces holding the rank of second lieutenant (or equivalent) or higher. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 011 Commissioned Armed Forces Officers Excluded from this group are: - jobs held by persons in civilian employment of government establishments concerned with defence issues; - police (other than military police); - customs inspectors and members of border or other armed civilian services.
Commissioned armed forces officers
Non-commissioned armed forces officers enforce military discipline and supervise the activities of those employed in Sub-major Group 03: Armed Forces Occupations, Other Ranks, and/or perform similar tasks to those performed in a variety of civilian occupations outside the armed forces. This group includes members of the armed forces holding ranks such as sergeant, warrant officer and sergeant major. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 021 Non-commissioned Armed Forces Officers Excluded from this group are: - jobs held by persons in civilian employment of government establishments concerned with defence issues; - police (other than military police); - customs inspectors and members of border or other armed civilian services.
Non-commissioned armed forces officers
Armed forces occupations, other ranks include all conscripted and non-conscripted members of the armed forces except commissioned and non-commissioned officers. They perform specific military tasks and/or perform similar tasks to those performed in a variety of civilian occupations outside the armed forces. Most occupations in this sub-major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 031 Armed Forces Occupations, Other Ranks Excluded from this group are: - jobs held by persons in civilian employment of government establishments concerned with defence issues; - police (other than military police); - customs inspectors and members of border or other armed civilian services.
Armed forces occupations, other ranks
Managers plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises, governments and other organizations, or of organizational units within them, and formulate and review their policies, laws, rules and regulations. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level, except for Sub-major Group 14: Hospitality, Retail and Other Services Managers, for which skills at the third ISCO skill level are generally required. Tasks performed by managers usually include: formulating and advising on the policy, budgets, laws and regulations of enterprises, governments and other organizational units; establishing objectives and standards and formulating and evaluating programmes and policies and procedures for their implementation; ensuring appropriate systems and procedures are developed and implemented to provide budgetary control; authorizing material, human and financial resources to implement policies and programmes; monitoring and evaluating performance of the organization or enterprise and of its staff; selecting or approving the selection of staff; ensuring compliance with health and safety requirements; planning and directing daily operations; representing and negotiating on behalf of the government, enterprise or organizational unit managed in meetings and other forums. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 11 Chief Executives, Senior Officials and Legislators 12 Administrative and Commercial Managers 13 Production and Specialized Services Managers 14 Hospitality, Retail and Other Services Managers
Managers
Chief executives, senior officials and legislators formulate and review the policies, and plan, direct, coordinate and evaluate the overall activities of enterprises, governments and other organizations with the support of other managers. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level . Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: presiding over or participating in the proceedings of legislative bodies, boards of directors and committees; formulating and advising on the policy budgets, laws and regulations of enterprises, governments and other organizations; establishing objectives for enterprises, government departments or agencies and other organizations; formulating or approving and evaluating programmes and policies and procedures for their implementation; ensuring appropriate systems and procedures are developed and implemented to provide budgetary control; authorizing material, human and financial resources to implement policies and programmes; monitoring and evaluating performance of the organization or enterprise; selecting or approving the selection of senior staff; performing ceremonial duties and representing the enterprise, government, organization or community at official occasions and in meetings, negotiations, conventions and public hearings. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 111 Legislators and Senior Officials 112 Managing Directors and Chief Executives
Chief executives, senior officials and legislators
Administrative and commercial managers plan, organize, direct, control and coordinate the financial, administrative, human resource, policy, planning, research and development, advertising, public relations, and sales and marketing activities of enterprises and organizations, or of enterprises that provide such services to other enterprises and organizations. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: formulating and administering policy advice and strategic and financial planning; establishing and directing operational and administrative procedures; implementing, monitoring and evaluating strategies and policies; providing advice to senior managers; directing the development of initiatives for new products, marketing, public relations and advertising campaigns; determining and directing sales activities, product mix and customer service standards; setting prices and credit arrangements; ensuring compliance with relevant legislation, regulations and standards; controlling selection, training and performance of staff; preparing budgets and overseeing financial operations; consulting with the chief executive and with managers of other departments or sections; controlling expenditure and ensuring the efficient use of resources; representing the enterprise or organization in negotiations, and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 121 Business Services and Administration Managers 122 Sales, Marketing and Development Managers
Administrative and commercial managers
Production and specialized services managers plan, direct and coordinate the production of the goods and the provision of the specialized professional and technical services provided by an enterprise or organization, either as the manager of a department or as the general manager of an enterprise or organization that does not have a hierarchy of managers. They are responsible for manufacturing, mining, construction, logistics, information and communications technology operations for large-scale agricultural, forestry and fisheries operations, and for the provision of health, education, social welfare, banking, insurance and other professional and technical services. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: planning details of activities in terms of output, services provided, quality, quantity, cost, timeliness and labour requirements; setting standards and objectives; controlling the operation of plant and of procedures; assuring quality of the goods produced and services provided; preparing tenders and contract bids; establishing and managing budgets, monitoring costs, and adjusting activities, procedures and resources to minimize costs; overseeing the acquisition and installation of new plant and equipment; coordinating the implementation of health and safety requirements; planning and directing daily operations; overseeing the selection, training and performance of staff; preparing, or arranging for the preparation of, reports, budgets and forecasts; representing the enterprise or organization in negotiations with other agencies, and at conventions, seminars, public hearings and forums. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 131 Production Managers in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 132 Manufacturing, Mining, Construction and Distribution Managers 133 Information and Communications Technology Services Managers 134 Professional Services Managers
Production and specialised services managers
Hospitality, retail and other services managers plan, organize and direct the operations of establishments which provide accommodation, hospitality, retail and other services. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the third ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: planning and organizing special functions, sporting, gaming and entertainment activities and the range and mix of products, stock levels and service standards; promoting and selling goods and services; observing liquor, gaming, health and other laws and regulations; developing and reviewing policies, programmes and procedures concerning customer relations and goods and services provided; promoting facilities for conferences, conventions and trade shows to potential customers; organizing the purchase and maintenance of transport vehicles, equipment and fuel, and transporting goods; controlling the selection, training and supervision of staff; ensuring compliance with occupational health and safety regulations. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 141 Hotel and Restaurant Managers 142 Retail and Wholesale Trade Managers 143 Other Services Managers
Hospitality, retail and other services managers
Professionals increase the existing stock of knowledge; apply scientific or artistic concepts and theories; teach about the foregoing in a systematic manner; or engage in any combination of these activities. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by professionals usually include: conducting analysis and research, and developing concepts, theories and operational methods; advising on or applying existing knowledge related to physical sciences, mathematics, engineering and technology, life sciences, medical and health services, social sciences and humanities; teaching the theory and practice of one or more disciplines at different educational levels; teaching and educating persons with learning difficulties or special needs; providing various business, legal and social services; creating and performing works of art; providing spiritual guidance; preparing scientific papers and reports. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 21 Science and Engineering Professionals 22 Health Professionals 23 Teaching Professionals 24 Business and Administration Professionals 25 Information and Communications Technology Professionals 26 Legal, Social and Cultural Professionals
Professionals
Science and engineering professionals conduct research; improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods; or apply scientific knowledge relating to fields such as physics, astronomy, meteorology, chemistry, geophysics, geology, biology, ecology, pharmacology, medicine, mathematics, statistics, architecture, engineering, design and technology. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: conducting research, enlarging, advising on or applying scientific knowledge obtained through the study of structures and properties of physical matter and phenomena, chemical characteristics and processes of various substances, materials and products, all forms of human, animal and plant life and of mathematical and statistical concepts and methods; advising on, designing and directing construction of buildings, towns and traffic systems, or civil engineering and industrial structures, as well as machines and other equipment; advising on and applying mining methods and ensuring their optimum use; surveying land and sea and making maps; studying and advising on technological aspects of particular materials, products and processes, and on efficiency of production and work organization; preparing scientific papers and reports. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 211 Physical and Earth Science Professionals 212 Mathematicians, Actuaries and Statisticians 213 Life Science Professionals 214 Engineering Professionals (excluding Electrotechnology) 215 Electrotechnology Engineers 216 Architects, Planners, Surveyors and Designers
Science and engineering professionals
Health professionals conduct research,; improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods; and apply scientific knowledge relating to medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and promotion of health. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: conducting research and obtaining scientific knowledge through the study of human and animal disorders and illnesses and ways of treating them; advising on or applying preventive and curative measures, or promoting health; preparing scientific papers and reports. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 221 Medical Doctors 222 Nursing and Midwifery Professionals 223 Traditional and Complementary Medicine Professionals 224 Paramedical Practitioners 225 Veterinarians 226 Other Health Professionals
Health professionals
Teaching professionals teach the theory and practice of one or more disciplines at different educational levels; conduct research; improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods pertaining to their particular discipline; and prepare scholarly papers and books. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: conducting classes, courses, or tutorials at a particular educational level for educational and vocational purposes, including private lessons; conducting adult literacy programmes; teaching and educating persons with learning difficulties or special needs; designing and modifying curricula; inspecting and advising on teaching methods and aids; participating in decisions concerning the organization of teaching and related activities at schools and universities; conducting research in particular subjects to improve or develop concepts, theories or operational methods for application in industrial and other fields; preparing scholarly papers and books. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 231 University and Higher Education Teachers 232 Vocational Education Teachers 233 Secondary Education Teachers 234 Primary School and Early Childhood Teachers 235 Other Teaching Professionals
Teaching professionals
Business and administration professionals perform analytical, conceptual and practical tasks to provide services in financial matters, human resource development, public relations, marketing and sales in the technical, medical, information and communications technology areas; and conduct reviews of organizational structures, methods and systems as well as quantitative analyses of information affecting investment programmes. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: collecting, analysing and interpreting information on the financial viability, cost structures and trading effectiveness of organizations; conducting audits, preparing financial statements and controlling treasury systems for organizations; developing and reviewing financial plans and strategies, executing buy and sell orders, and negotiating the purchase and sale of commodities; developing, implementing and evaluating staff recruitment, training and development programmes; researching, developing and implementing marketing and public relations campaigns; studying and developing methods and policies to improve and promote government and business operations and effectiveness; acquiring and updating knowledge of employers’ and competitors’ goods and services, and of market conditions; assessing customers’ needs and explaining and demonstrating goods and services to them. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 241 Finance Professionals 242 Administration Professionals 243 Sales, Marketing and Public Relations Professionals
Business and administration professionals
Information and communications technology professionals conduct research; plan, design, write, test, provide advice and improve information technology systems, hardware, software and related concepts for specific applications; develop associated documentation including principles, policies and procedures; and design, develop, control, maintain and support databases and other information systems to ensure optimal performance and data integrity and security. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: researching information technology use in business functions; identifying areas for improvement and researching the theoretical aspects and operational methods for the use of computers; evaluating, planning and designing hardware or software configurations for specific applications including for Internet, Intranet and multimedia systems; designing, writing, testing and maintaining computer programs; designing and developing database architecture and database management systems; developing and implementing security plans and data administration policy, and administering computer networks and related computing environments; analysing, developing, interpreting and evaluating complex system design and architecture specifications, data models and diagrams in the development, configuration and integration of computer systems. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 251 Software and Applications Developers and Analysts 252 Database and Network Professionals
Information and communications technology professionals
Legal, social and cultural professionals conduct research; improve or develop concepts, theories and operational methods; or apply knowledge relating to the law, storage and retrieval of information and artefacts, psychology, social welfare, politics, economics, history, religion, languages, sociology, other social sciences, and arts and entertainment. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the fourth ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: conducting research on legal problems; drafting laws and regulations; advising clients on legal cases; pleading and conducting cases in a court of law; presiding over judicial proceedings in a court of law; developing and maintaining library and gallery collections of archives; conducting research, improving or developing concepts, theories and operational methods or applying knowledge relating to the field of social sciences; conceiving, creating and performing in literary and artistic works; interpreting and communicating news, ideas, impressions and facts. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 261 Legal Professionals 262 Librarians, Archivists and Curators 263 Social and Religious Professionals 264 Authors, Journalists and Linguists 265 Creative and Performing Artists
Legal, social and cultural professionals
Technicians and associate professionals perform technical and related tasks connected with research and the application of scientific or artistic concepts and operational methods, and government or business regulations. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the third ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by technicians and associate professionals usually include: undertaking and carrying out technical work connected with research and the application of concepts and operational methods in the fields of physical sciences including engineering and technology, life sciences including the medical profession, and social sciences and humanities; initiating and carrying out various technical services related to trade, finance and administration including administration of government laws and regulations, and to social work; providing technical support for the arts and entertainment; participating in sporting activities; executing some religious tasks. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 31 Science and Engineering Associate Professionals 32 Health Associate Professionals 33 Business and Administration Associate Professionals 34 Legal, Social, Cultural and Related Associate Professionals 35 Information and Communications Technicians
Technicians and associate professionals
Science and engineering associate professionals perform technical tasks connected with research and operational methods in science and engineering. They supervise and control technical and operational aspects of mining, manufacturing, construction and other engineering operations, and operate technical equipment including aircraft and ships. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the third ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: setting up, monitoring and operating instruments and equipment, conducting and monitoring experiments and tests of systems; collecting and testing samples; recording observations and analysing data; preparing, revising and interpreting technical drawings and diagrams; coordinating, supervising, controlling and scheduling the activities of other workers; operating and monitoring switchboards, computerized control systems, and multi-function process control machinery; performing technical functions to ensure safe and efficient movement and operations in ships, aircraft and other equipment. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 311 Physical and Engineering Science Technicians 312 Mining, Manufacturing and Construction Supervisors 313 Process Control Technicians 314 Life Science Technicians and Related Associate Professionals 315 Ship and Aircraft Controllers and Technicians
Science and engineering associate professionals
Health associate professionals perform technical and practical tasks to support diagnosis and treatment of illness, disease, injuries and impairments in humans and animals, and to support implementation of health care, treatment and referral plans usually established by medical, veterinary, nursing and other health professionals. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the third ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in the sub-major group usually include: testing and operating medical imaging equipment and administering radiation therapy; performing clinical tests on specimens of bodily fluids and tissues; preparing medications and other pharmaceutical compounds under the guidance of pharmacists; designing, fitting, servicing and repairing medical and dental devices and appliances; providing nursing and personal care and midwifery support services; using herbal and other therapies based on theories, beliefs and experiences originating in specific cultures. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 321 Medical and Pharmaceutical Technicians 322 Nursing and Midwifery Associate Professionals 323 Traditional and Complementary Medicine Associate Professionals 324 Veterinary Technicians and Assistants 325 Other Health Associate Professionals
Health associate professionals
Business and administration associate professionals perform mostly technical tasks connected with the practical application of knowledge relating to financial accounting and transaction matters, mathematical calculations, human resource development, selling and buying financial instruments, specialized secretarial tasks, and enforcing or applying government rules. Also included are workers who provide business services such as customs clearance, conference planning, job placements, buying and selling real estate or bulk commodities, and serving as agents for performers such as athletes and artists. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the third ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include recording and transmitting buy and sell orders for securities, stocks, bonds or other financial instruments and for foreign exchange for future or immediate delivery; submitting credit and loan applications to management with recommendations for approval or rejection; approving or rejecting applications within authorized limits ensuring that credit standards of the institution are respected; maintaining complete records of all financial transactions of an undertaking according to general bookkeeping principles, with guidance from accountants; assisting in planning and performing mathematical, statistical, actuarial, accounting and related calculations; selling and buying financial instruments. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 331 Financial and Mathematical Associate Professionals 332 Sales and Purchasing Agents and Brokers 333 Business Services Agents 334 Administrative and Specialized Secretaries 335 Government Regulatory Associate Professionals
Business and administration associate professionals
Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals perform technical tasks connected with the practical application of knowledge relating to legal services, social work, culture, food preparation, sport and religion. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the third ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: providing technical and practical services and support functions in legal processes and investigations, social and community assistance programmes, and religious and cultural activities; participating and adjudicating in sporting events; developing and delivering sports coaching, fitness and recreational programmes; combining creative and technical skills in a variety of artistic, cultural and culinary activities; creating dishes and menus and overseeing the preparation of meals. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 341 Legal, Social and Religious Associate Professionals 342 Sports and Fitness Workers 343 Artistic, Cultural and Culinary Associate Professionals
Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals
Information and communications technicians provide support for the day-to-day running of computer systems, communications systems and networks, and perform technical tasks related to telecommunications, broadcast image and sound as well as other types of telecommunications signals on land, sea or in aircraft. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the third ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: providing assistance to information and communications systems users; installing new programs and equipment; establishing, operating and maintaining network and other data communications systems; installing, monitoring and supporting Internet and Intranet websites or web server hardware or software; modifying web pages; and performing web server backup and recovery operations; controlling equipment to record sound, edit and mix image and sound recordings; controlling and maintaining transmitting and broadcast systems and satellite systems for radio and television programmes; controlling and maintaining radio communications systems, satellite services and multiplex systems on land, sea or in aircraft; providing technical assistance connected with research and development of computer systems and telecommunications equipment, or testing prototypes; designing and preparing blueprints of circuitry according to the specifications given; providing technical supervision of the manufacture, utilization, maintenance and repair of telecommunications systems. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 351 Information and Communications Technology Operations and User Support Technicians 352 Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technicians
Information and communications technicians
Clerical support workers record, organize, store, compute and retrieve information, and perform a number of clerical duties in connection with money-handling operations, travel arrangements, requests for information, and appointments. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by clerical support workers usually include: stenography, typing, and operating word processors and other office machines; entering data into computers; carrying out secretarial duties; recording and computing numerical data; keeping records relating to stocks, production and transport; keeping records relating to passenger and freight transport; carrying out clerical duties in libraries; filing documents; carrying out duties in connection with mail services; preparing and checking material for printing; assisting persons who cannot read or write with correspondence; performing money-handling operations; dealing with travel arrangements; supplying information requested by clients and making appointments; operating a telephone switchboard. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 41 General and Keyboard Clerks 42 Customer Services Clerks 43 Numerical and Material Recording Clerks 44 Other Clerical Support Workers
Clerical support workers
General and keyboard clerks record, organize, store and retrieve information and perform a wide range of clerical and administrative tasks according to established procedures. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: recording, preparing, sorting, classifying and filing information; sorting, opening and sending mail; preparing reports and correspondence of a routine nature; photocopying and faxing documents; operating personal computers, word processors or typewriters to record, input and process text and data; proofreading and correcting copy; preparing invoices and checking figures. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 411 General Office Clerks 412 Secretaries (general) 413 Keyboard Operators
General and keyboard clerks
Customer services clerks deal with clients in connection with money-handling operations, travel arrangements, requests for information, making appointments, operating telephone switchboards, and interviewing for surveys or to complete applications for eligibility for services. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: performing money-handling operations in banks, post offices, betting and gambling establishments, or dealing with travel arrangements; supplying information requested by clients and making appointments; operating telephone switchboards; greeting and receiving visitors; interviewing survey respondents; interviewing applicants for services. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 421 Tellers, Money Collectors and Related Clerks 422 Client Information Workers
Customer services clerks
Numerical and material recording clerks obtain, compile and compute accounting, bookkeeping, statistical, financial and other numerical data, and take charge of cash transactions incidental to business matters. Some occupations classified here keep records of goods produced, purchased, stocked and dispatched, and of materials needed at specified production dates, or keep records of operational aspects and coordinate the timing of passenger and freight transport. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: helping with accounting and bookkeeping records and computations; calculating unit production costs; calculating wages and in some cases preparing wage packets and paying wages; taking charge of cash transactions incidental to the business; obtaining, compiling and computing statistical or actuarial data; performing clerical tasks relating to the financial transactions of an insurance establishment, bank or similar establishment; recording produced, stocked, ordered and dispatched goods; recording production materials received, put into stock or issued; computing quantities of the production materials required at specified dates and helping with preparation and checking of production operation schedules; keeping records of operational aspects and coordinating the timing of passenger and freight transport. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 431 Numerical Clerks 432 Material Recording and Transport Clerks
Numerical and material recording clerks
Other clerical support workers sort and deliver mail, file documents, prepare information for processing, maintain personnel records, check material for consistency with original source material, assist persons who cannot read or write, and perform various other specialized clerical duties. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: recording information regarding acquisition, issue and return of library books; classifying and filing various documents and other records; maintaining personnel records; sorting, recording and delivering mail from post offices, as well as from or within an enterprise; coding; correcting proofs; performing a range of miscellaneous clerical duties; writing on behalf of persons who are unable to read or write. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 441 Other Clerical Support Workers
Other clerical support workers
Services and sales workers provide personal and protective services related to travel, housekeeping, catering, personal care, protection against fire and unlawful acts; or demonstrate and sell goods in wholesale or retail shops and similar establishments, as well as at stalls and on markets. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by services and sales workers usually include: organizing and providing services during travel; housekeeping; preparing and serving of food and beverages; caring for children; providing personal and basic health care at homes or in institutions, as well as hairdressing, beauty treatment and companionship; telling fortunes; embalming and arranging funerals; providing security services and protecting individuals and property against fire and unlawful acts; enforcing of law and order; posing as models for advertising, artistic creation and display of goods; selling goods in wholesale or retail establishments, as well as at stalls and on markets; and demonstrating goods to potential customers. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 51 Personal Services Workers 52 Sales Workers 53 Personal Care Workers 54 Protective Services Workers
Service and sales workers
Personal services workers provide personal services related to travel, housekeeping, catering and hospitality, hairdressing and beauty treatment, animal care grooming and training, companionship and other services of a personal nature. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: organizing and providing services in connection with travel and sightseeing; housekeeping; preparing and serving food and beverages; hairdressing and beauty treatment; telling fortunes; embalming and arranging funerals; grooming, caring for and training animals; teaching people to drive motor vehicles; providing companionship and other personal services. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 511 Travel Attendants, Conductors and Guides 512 Cooks 513 Waiters and Bartenders 514 Hairdressers, Beauticians and Related Workers 515 Building and Housekeeping Supervisors 516 Other Personal Services Workers
Personal service workers
Sales workers sell and demonstrate goods in wholesale or retail shops, at stalls and markets, door-to-door, via telephone or customer contact centres. They may record and accept payment for goods and services purchased, and may operate small retail outlets. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: selling goods in wholesale or retail establishments, at street or market stalls, door-to-door, via telephone or customer contact centres; demonstrating and displaying goods to potential customers; selling and serving food for immediate consumption at counters and in the street; buying or contracting a regular supply of products to be sold; stacking and displaying goods for sale and wrapping or packing goods sold; determining product mix, stock and price levels for goods to be sold; operating cash registers, optical price scanners, computers or other equipment to record and accept payment for the purchase of goods and services. Supervision of other workers may be required in some occupations classified here. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 521 Street and Market Salespersons 522 Shop Salespersons 523 Cashiers and Ticket Clerks 524 Other Sales Workers
Sales workers
Personal care workers provide care, supervision and assistance for children, patients and elderly, convalescent or disabled persons in institutional and residential settings. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: assisting with mobility, washing and other personal needs; assisting children individually to learn social skills; supervising and participating in activities that enhance children’s physical, social, emotional and intellectual development; observing and reporting concerns to appropriate health or social service workers. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 531 Child Care Workers and Teachers’ Aides 532 Personal Care Workers in Health Services
Personal care workers
Protective services workers protect individuals and property against fire and other hazards, maintain law and order and enforce laws and regulations. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: preventing, fighting and extinguishing fires; rescuing people from burning buildings and accident sites and those trapped in dangerous situations; maintaining law and order, enforcing laws and regulations, patrolling public areas and arresting suspected offenders; directing traffic and assuming authority in the event of accidents; watching over and maintaining order among inmates of prisons, reformatories or penitentiaries; patrolling or monitoring premises to guard property against theft and vandalism, controlling access to establishments and maintaining order and enforcing regulations at public events and within establishments. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 541 Protective Services Workers
Protective services workers
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers grow and harvest field or tree and shrub crops; gather wild fruits and plants; breed, tend or hunt animals; produce a variety of animal husbandry products; cultivate, conserve and exploit forests; breed or catch fish; and cultivate or gather other forms of aquatic life in order to provide food, shelter and income for themselves and their households. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers usually include: preparing the soil; sowing, planting, spraying, fertilizing and harvesting field crops; growing fruit and other tree and shrub crops; growing garden vegetables and horticultural products; gathering wild fruits and plants; breeding, raising, tending or hunting animals mainly to obtain meat, milk, hair, fur, skin, or sericultural, apiarian or other products; cultivating, conserving and exploiting forests; breeding or catching fish; cultivating or gathering other forms of aquatic life; storing and carrying out some basic processing of their produce; selling their products to purchasers, marketing organizations or at markets. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 61 Market-oriented Skilled Agricultural Workers 62 Market-oriented Skilled Forestry, Fishery and Hunting Workers 63 Subsistence Farmers, Fishers, Hunters and Gatherers
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers plan, organize and perform farming operations to grow and harvest field or tree and shrub crops; and to produce a variety of animals and animal products for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: preparing the soil; sowing, planting, spraying, fertilizing and harvesting field crops; growing fruit and other tree and shrub crops; growing garden vegetables and horticultural products; raising, breeding and tending animals mainly to obtain meat, milk, hair, fur, skin, or sericultural, apiarian or other products; storing and carrying out some processing of produce; selling their products to purchasers, marketing organizations or at markets. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 611 Market Gardeners and Crop growers 612 Animal Producers 613 Mixed Crop and Animal Producers
Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers
Market-oriented skilled forestry, fishery and hunting workers plan, organize and perform operations to cultivate, conserve and exploit natural and plantation forests; breed and raise fish; harvest and catch fish; and hunt and trap animals, for sale or delivery on a regular basis to wholesale buyers, marketing organizations or at markets. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: renting or investing in equipment and machinery and purchasing supplies; planning and undertaking forestry, aquaculture, fishery and hunting operations; maintaining buildings, tanks, machinery and other equipment; delivering or marketing products; supervising and training other workers. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 621 Forestry and Related Workers 622 Fishery Workers, Hunters and Trappers
Market-oriented skilled forestry, fishery and hunting workers
Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers grow and harvest field or tree and shrub crops, vegetables and fruit; gather wild fruits, medicinal and other plants; tend or hunt animals; catch fish and gather various forms of aquatic life in order to provide food, shelter and, in some cases, a minimum of cash income for themselves and their households. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: preparing the soil; sowing, planting, tending and harvesting field crops; growing vegetables, fruit and other tree and shrub crops; gathering wild fruits, medicinal and other plants; breeding, tending and feeding animals and poultry mainly to obtain meat, eggs, milk, hair, skin or other products; hunting or trapping animals; catching fish and gathering other forms of aquatic life; fetching water and gathering firewood; storing produce for later use and carrying out some processing of produce; building and maintaining houses and other shelters; making tools, clothes and utensils for use by the household; selling or bartering some products at local markets. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 631 Subsistence Crop Farmers 632 Subsistence Livestock Farmers 633 Subsistence Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmers 634 Subsistence Fishers, Hunters, Trappers and Gatherers
Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers
Craft and related trades workers apply specific technical and practical knowledge and skills to construct and maintain buildings; form metal; erect metal structures; set machine tools or make, fit, maintain and repair machinery, equipment or tools; carry out printing work; and produce or process foodstuffs, textiles, wooden, metal and other articles, including handicraft goods. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work is carried out by hand and by hand-powered and other tools which are used to reduce the amount of physical effort and time required for specific tasks, as well as to improve the quality of the products. The tasks call for an understanding of all stages of the production process, the materials and tools used, and the nature and purpose of the final product. Tasks performed by craft and related trades workers usually include: constructing, maintaining and repairing buildings and other structures; casting, welding and shaping metal; installing and erecting heavy metal structures, tackle and related equipment; making machinery, tools, equipment and other metal articles; setting for operators, or setting and operating various machine tools; fitting, maintaining and repairing industrial machinery, engines, vehicles, electrical and electronic instruments and other equipment; making precision instruments, jewellery, household and other precious metal articles, pottery, glass and related products; producing handicrafts; executing printing work; producing and processing foodstuffs and various articles made of wood, textiles, leather and related materials. Supervision of other workers may be included. Self-employed craft and related trades workers, who operate their own businesses either independently or with assistance from a small number of others, may also perform a range of tasks associated with management of the business, account and record keeping and client service, although such tasks would not normally comprise the major component of the work. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 71 Building and Related Trades Workers (excluding electricians) 72 Metal, Machinery and Related Trades Workers 73 Handicraft and Printing Workers 74 Electrical and Electronics Trades Workers 75 Food Processing, Woodworking, Garment and Other Craft and Related Trades Workers
Craft and related trades workers
Building and related trades workers construct, maintain and repair buildings; erect and repair foundations, walls and structures of brick, stone and similar materials; shape and finish stone for building and other purposes. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work is carried out by hand and by hand-powered and other tools which are used to reduce the amount of physical effort and time required for specific tasks, as well as to improve the quality of the products. The tasks call for an understanding of the work organization, the materials and tools used, and the nature and purpose of the final product. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: constructing, maintaining and repairing buildings and other structures, using traditional and/or modern building techniques; constructing and repairing foundations, walls and structures of brick, stone and similar materials; breaking quarried stone into slabs or blocks; cutting, shaping and finishing stone for building, ornamental, monumental and other purposes; erecting reinforced concrete frameworks and structures as well as finishing and repairing cement surfaces; cutting, shaping, assembling and maintaining wooden structures and fittings; performing miscellaneous construction and building maintenance tasks. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 711 Building Frame and Related Trades Workers 712 Building Finishers and Related Trades Workers 713 Painters, Building Structure Cleaners and Related Trades Workers
Building and related trades workers, excluding electricians
Metal, machinery and related trades workers cast, weld, forge and, by other methods, form metal; erect, maintain and repair heavy metal structures; engage in machine-tool setting as well as in fitting, maintaining and repairing machinery including engines and vehicles; or they produce tools and various non-precious metal articles. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work is carried out by hand and by hand-powered and other tools which are used to reduce the amount of physical effort and time required for specific tasks, as well as to improve the quality of the products. The tasks call for an understanding of the work organization, materials and tools used, and the nature and purpose of the final product Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: making moulds and cores for casting metal; casting, welding and shaping metal; installing, erecting, maintaining and repairing heavy metal structures, tackle and related equipment; forging and forming steel and other non-precious metals to make and repair machinery, tools, equipment and other articles; setting for operators or setting and operating various machine tools; fitting, maintaining and repairing industrial machinery, including engines and vehicles. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 721 Sheet and Structural Metal Workers, Moulders and Welders, and Related Workers 722 Blacksmiths, Toolmakers and Related Trades Workers 723 Machinery Mechanics and Repairers
Metal, machinery and related trades workers
Handicraft and printing workers combine artistic and manual skills to design, produce, maintain and decorate precision instruments, musical instruments, jewellery and other precious metals, pottery, porcelain and glassware, items made of wood or textile, leather or related materials, and printed products such as books, newspapers and magazines. They apply traditional and/or recently developed techniques to carve, mould, assemble, weave and decorate various articles; to compose and set type prior to printing; to set up and operate printing presses; to bind and finish printed products; and to prepare stencils and operate screen printing equipment. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work may be carried out by hand or involve the use of hand tools and hand-held power tools, and in some cases the set-up and operation of machinery and machine tools. The tasks call for an understanding of the work organization, materials and tools used, and the nature and purpose of the final product. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: making and repairing nautical, meteorological, optical and other precision instruments and equipment; making and repairing musical instruments; making jewellery and precious metalware; making pottery, porcelain ware, ceramics and glassware; painting and decorating various articles; producing handicraft articles in wood or textile, leather and related materials; performing printing or book-binding tasks. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 731 Handicraft Workers 732 Printing Trades Workers
Handicraft and printing workers
Electrical and electronics trades workers install, fit and maintain electrical wiring systems and machinery and other electrical apparatus, electrical transmission and supply lines and cables, and electronic and telecommunications equipment and systems. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work is carried out by hand and by hand-powered and other tools which are used to reduce the amount of physical effort and time required for specific tasks, as well as to improve the quality of the products. The tasks call for an understanding of the work organization, materials and tools used, and the nature and purpose of the final product. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: installing, maintaining, fitting and adjusting electrical and electronic wiring systems, machinery and equipment; examining blueprints, wiring diagrams and specifications to determine sequences and methods of operation; inspecting and testing electrical and electronic systems, equipment, cables and machinery to identify hazards, defects and the need for adjustment or repair; installing, maintaining and repairing electrical and telecommunications transmission lines; joining electrical, telecommunications and data cables; maintaining, troubleshooting, fitting, adjusting, testing and repairing electronic equipment such as commercial and office machines, electronic instruments and control systems, computers, and telecommunications and data transmission equipment. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 741 Electrical Equipment Installers and Repairers 742 Electronics and Telecommunications Installers and Repairers
Electrical and electronic trades workers
Food processing, woodworking, garment and other craft and related trades workers treat and process agricultural and fisheries raw materials into food and other products, and produce and repair goods made of wood, textiles, fur, leather or other materials. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work is carried out by hand and by hand-powered and other tools which are used to reduce the amount of physical effort and time required for specific tasks, as well as to improve the quality of the products. The tasks call for an understanding of the work organization, materials and tools used, and the nature and purpose of the final product. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: treating and processing meat, fish, grain, fruit, vegetables and related materials into food stuffs, and tobacco into tobacco products; tasting and grading food products and beverages; treating and processing natural fibres, skins and hides; making and repairing furniture and other goods made of wood; preparing hides, skins and pelts for further use; making and repairing textiles, garments, hats, shoes and related products. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 751 Food Processing and Related Trades Workers 752 Wood Treaters, Cabinet-makers and Related Trades Workers 753 Garment and Related Trades Workers 754 Other Craft and Related Workers
Food processing, wood working, garment and other craft and related trades workers
Plant and machine operators and assemblers operate and monitor industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment on the spot or by remote control; drive and operate trains, motor vehicles and mobile machinery and equipment; or assemble products from component parts according to strict specifications and procedures. Competent performance in most occupations in this major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work mainly calls for experience with and an understanding of industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, as well as an ability to cope with machine-paced operations and to adapt to technological innovations. Tasks performed by plant and machine operators and assemblers usually include: operating and monitoring mining or other industrial machinery and equipment for processing metal, minerals, glass, ceramics, wood, paper or chemicals; operating and monitoring machinery and equipment used to produce articles made of metal, minerals, chemicals, rubber, plastics, wood, paper, textiles, fur or leather, and which process foodstuffs and related products; driving and operating trains and motor vehicles; driving, operating and monitoring mobile industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment; and assembling products from component parts according to strict specifications and procedures. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 81 Stationary Plant and Machine Operators 82 Assemblers 83 Drivers and Mobile Plant Operators
Plant and machine operators and assemblers
Stationary plant and machine operators monitor and operate stationary industrial plant, machinery and equipment, or for which mobility is not an integral part of operation. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. The work mainly calls for experience with and an understanding of the industrial plant, machinery or equipment being operated and monitored. Ability to cope with machine-paced operations and to adapt to innovations in machinery and equipment are often required. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: setting up, operating and monitoring a variety of stationary plant and machinery; detecting malfunctions and taking corrective action; examining outputs for defects and conformity with specifications and adjusting machine settings accordingly; performing maintenance, repairs and cleaning; recording data and maintaining production records. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 811 Mining and Mineral Processing Plant Operators 812 Metal Processing and Finishing Plant Operators 813 Chemical and Photographic Products Plant and Machine Operators 814 Rubber, Plastic and Paper Products Machine Operators 815 Textile, Fur and Leather Products Machine Operators 816 Food and Related Products Machine Operators 817 Wood Processing and Papermaking Plant Operators 818 Other Stationary Plant and Machine Operators
Stationary plant and machine operators
Assemblers assemble prefabricated parts or components to form subassemblies, products and equipment, according to procedures strictly laid down. The products worked on may be moved from one worker to the next along assembly lines. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: assembling components into various types of product and equipment, according to strictly laid down procedures; reviewing work orders, specifications, diagrams and drawings to determine materials needed and assembly instructions; recording production and operational data on specified forms; inspecting and testing completed components and assemblies, wiring installations and circuits; rejecting faulty assemblies and components. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 821 Assemblers
Assemblers
Drivers and mobile plant operators drive and tend trains and motor vehicles, or drive, operate and monitor industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, or execute deck duties on board ship and other water-borne craft. Competent performance in most occupations in this sub-major group requires skills at the second ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: driving and tending trains and motor vehicles; driving, operating and monitoring mobile industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment; carrying out deck duties on board ship and other water-borne craft. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 831 Locomotive Engine Drivers and Related Workers 832 Car, Van and Motorcycle Drivers 833 Heavy Truck and Bus Drivers 834 Mobile Plant Operators 835 Ships’ Deck Crews and Related Workers
Drivers and mobile plant operators
Elementary occupations involve the performance of simple and routine tasks which may require the use of hand-held tools and considerable physical effort. Most occupations in this major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in elementary occupations usually include: cleaning, restocking supplies and performing basic maintenance in apartments, houses, kitchens, hotels, offices and other buildings; washing cars and windows; helping in kitchens and performing simple tasks in food preparation; delivering messages or goods; carrying luggage and handling baggage and freight; stocking vending-machines or reading and emptying meters; collecting and sorting refuse; sweeping streets and similar places; performing various simple farming, fishing, hunting or trapping tasks; performing simple tasks connected with mining, construction and manufacturing including product-sorting; packing and unpacking produce by hand, and filling shelves; providing various street services; pedalling or hand-guiding vehicles to transport passengers and goods; driving animal-drawn vehicles or machinery. Supervision of other workers may be included. Occupations in this major group are classified into the following sub-major groups: 91 Cleaners and Helpers 92 Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Labourers 93 Labourers in Mining, Construction, Manufacturing and Transport 94 Food Preparation Assistants 95 Street and Related Sales and Services Workers 96 Refuse Workers and Other Elementary Workers
Elementary occupations
Cleaners and helpers perform various tasks in private households, hotels, offices, hospitals and other establishments, as well as in aircraft, trains, coaches, trams and similar vehicles, in order to keep the interiors and fixtures clean, and launder and press garments and textiles by hand. Most occupations in this sub-major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: sweeping or vacuum cleaning; washing and polishing floors, furniture and other objects; taking care of linen and bedmaking; helping with preparation of meals and cleaning in kitchens; washing and cleaning cars and windows; pressing or laundering garments and textiles by hand. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 911 Domestic, Hotel and Office Cleaners and Helpers 912 Vehicle, Window, Laundry and Other Hand Cleaning Workers
Agricultural, forestry and fishery labourers perform simple and routine tasks in the production of crops and livestock, cultivation and maintenance of gardens and parks, exploitation and conservation of forests, and conduct of aquaculture and fisheries operations. Most occupations in this sub-major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: digging, raking and shovelling using hand tools; loading, unloading and stacking supplies, produce and other materials; watering, thinning, weeding and tending crops by hand or using hand tools; planting, harvesting, picking and collecting produce by hand; feeding, watering and cleaning animals and keeping their quarters clean; monitoring livestock and reporting on their condition; preparing and operating nets, lines and other fishing tackle and deck equipment; grading, sorting, bunching and packing produce into containers; performing minor repairs on fixtures, buildings, equipment, vessels and fences. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 921 Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Labourers
Agricultural, forestry and fishery labourers
Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport perform simple and routine manual tasks in mining, quarrying, civil engineering, building, manufacturing, transport and storage operations, and operate human-powered and animal-drawn vehicles and machinery. Most occupations in this sub-major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Task performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: digging holes and spreading excavated materials, sand, soil and gravel using hand-held tools; sorting, loading, unloading, moving, stacking and storing materials, equipment, products, supplies, baggage and cargo by hand; cleaning machinery, equipment, tools and work sites; packing and unpacking material and products and filling containers and shelves with products by hand; operating human-powered and animal-drawn vehicles and machinery. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 931 Mining and Construction Labourers 932 Manufacturing Labourers 933 Transport and Storage Labourers
Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport
Food preparation assistants prepare and cook to order a small variety of pre-cooked food or beverages, clear tables, clean kitchen areas and wash dishes. Most occupations in this sub-major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: preparing simple or pre-prepared foods and beverages such as sandwiches, pizzas, fish and chips, salads and coffee; washing, cutting, measuring and mixing foods for cooking; operating cooking equipment such as grills, microwaves and deep-fat fryers; cleaning kitchens, food preparation areas and service areas; cleaning cooking and general utensils used in kitchens and restaurants. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor group: 941 Food Preparation Assistants
Food preparation assistants
Street and related sales and services workers sell goods (excluding food) for immediate consumption, and provide a variety of services on streets and in other public places such as stations. Most occupations in this sub-major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: buying or making various items for sale; loading and unloading items for sale and transporting them; obtaining the materials necessary to perform services; approaching people on the street to offer goods or services; cleaning and polishing shoes; cleaning and polishing car windows; running errands; assisting car drivers to find a parking place and ensuring that the car is not damaged during the driver’s absence; handing out leaflets and free newspapers; receiving immediate payment. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 951 Street and Related Services Workers 952 Street Vendors (excluding Food)
Street and related sales and service workers
Refuse workers and other elementary workers collect, process and recycle garbage from buildings, yards, streets and other public places. They keep streets and other public places clean and tidy, deliver and carry messages and packages and perform odd jobs for private households or establishments. Most occupations in this sub-major group require skills at the first ISCO skill level. Tasks performed by workers in this sub-major group usually include: collecting, loading and unloading garbage; sweeping streets, parks and other public places; chopping firewood; collecting and carrying firewood, water, packages, luggage and messages; beating dust out of carpets and performing other odd-job tasks. Occupations in this sub-major group are classified into the following minor groups: 961 Refuse Workers 962 Other Elementary Workers
Refuse workers and other elementary workers
Surgical procedure involving an upper extremity.
Operative Procedure on Upper Extremity
Surgical procedure involiving a lower extremity.
Surgical Procedure on Lower Extremity
The excision of a cone of tissue, especially of the CERVIX UTERI. [Definition Source: MSH]
Cone Biopsy
The surgical removal of part of bladder.
Partial Cystectomy
The absence of menses in a woman who has achieved reproductive age due to disorder of pituitary gland. [Partial Defintion Source: NCI
Amenorrhea due to Pituitary Dysfunction
Surgical removal of bening neoplasm.
Excision of Benign Neoplasm
Surgery to remover part or all of the thyroid gland. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thyroid Gland Excision
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. (OMB) [Definition Source: NCI]
Caucasian
Surgical removal of excess abdominal skin and fat and tightening of the ABDOMINAL WALL. Abdominoplasty may include LIPECTOMY of INTRA-ABDOMINAL FAT, tightening of the ABDOMINAL MUSCLES, and re-creation of the UMBILICUS. [Definition Source: MSH]
Abdominoplasty
Denotes a person with ancestral origins are in any of the countries of Africa. [Definition Source: NCI]
Black African
The autoimmune inability of the bone marrow to produce hematopoietic elements. [Definition Source: NCI]
Autoimmune Pancytopenia
A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376) [Defintion Source: MSH]
Bell's Palsy
Lumbar Hernia [Definition Source: MedDRA]
Prolapsed Lumbar Intervertebral Disc
A surgical procedure located in the abdomnial region.
Operation on Abdominal Region
Surgery performed to bypass partially or completely occluded coronary arteries, thereby increasing the blood supply of the heart. [Definition Source: NCI]
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Lumbar Hernia [Definition Source: SNOMEDCT]
Lumbar Hernia
Pulmonary embolism is caused by emboli, which have originated from venous thrombi, travelling to and occluding the arteries of the lung. [PMID:29770793]
Pulmonary Thromboembolism
The placement of a feeding tube through the abdominal wall into the stomach using an endoscope. [Definition Source: NCI]
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)
Drainage of abscess of Barholin's gland.
Drainage of Bartholin's Abscess
A surgical procedure to remove the uterine body (partial hysterectomy) or the uterine body and cervix (total hysterectomy). [Definition source: NCI]
Hysterectomy
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema. [Definition Source: MSH]
Atopic Dermatitis
The conversion of one cardiac rhythm or electrical pattern to another, almost always from an abnormal to a normal one, by pharmacologic means using medications or by electrical cardioversion using a defibrillator. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cardioversion
Surgical removal of acoustic neuroma.
Removal of Acoustic Neuroma
Surgical removal of basal cell carcinoma.
Excision of Basal Cell Carcinoma
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood. [Definition Source: MSH]
Neutropenic Disorder
Any approach involiving the head and neck region.
Head and Neck Approaches
A person having origins in the original peoples of sub-Saharan Africa or the Caribbean.
Black (ethnic group)
A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent, including for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. (OMB) [Definition Source: NCI]
Asian (ethnic group)
The surgical removal of a neoplasm.
Excision of Neoplasm
A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [Definition Source: CSP]
Ethnic Group
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089) [Definition Source: MSH]
Motor Neuron Disease
Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cholecystectomy
Any surgery performed inside the thoracic cavity. [Definition Source: NCI]
Surgical Procedure on Thorax
Allergic Asthma
A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race. The term, "Spanish origin" can be used in addition to "Hispanic or Latino". (OMB) [Definition Source: NCI]
Hispanic
Surgical removal of a cyst.
Excision of Cyst
Lumbo-sacral spine surgery
Operative Procedure on Lumbosacral Spinal Structure
Surgical procedure on the cervical spine.
Surgical Procedure on Cervical Spine
Thoracic spine surgery.
Operative Procedure on Thoracic Spinal Structure
Surgical procedure in which the STOMACH is transected high on the body. The resulting small proximal gastric pouch is joined to any parts of the SMALL INTESTINE by an end-to-side SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS, depending on the amounts of intestinal surface being bypasses. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of MORBID OBESITY by limiting the size of functional STOMACH, food intake, and food absorption. [Definition Source: MSH]
Gastryc Bypass
Surgical insertion of intrathecal access system for drug delivery.
Insertion of Implantable Intrathecal Access System
A closed fracture of the tibia.
Closed Fracture of Tibia
Surgical formation of an opening into the trachea through the neck, or the opening so created. [Definition Source: MSH]
Emergency Tracheostomy
Pelvic surgery.
Procedure on Pelvic Region of Trunk
Surgical removal of dermatofibroma.
Excision of dermatofibroma
Herniated Disc [Definition Source: MedDRA]
Intervertebral Disc Prolapse
Surgical repair of bladder
Repair of Bladder
Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. [Definition Source: NCI]
Appendectomy
Pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [Definition Source: SNOMEDCT]
Pneumonia Caused By SARS-CoV-2
Prostate tissue removal via a cystoscope. [Definition Source: NCI]
Transurethral Prostatectomy
General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck. [Defintion Source: MSH]
Neck Trauma
A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed) [Defintion Source: MSH]
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Surgical procedures involving the STOMACH and sometimes the lower ESOPHAGUS to correct anatomical defects, or to treat MORBID OBESITY by reducing the size of the stomach. There are several subtypes of bariatric gastroplasty, such as vertical banded gastroplasty, silicone ring vertical gastroplasty, and horizontal banded gastroplasty. [Definition Source: MSH]
Gastroplasty
Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
Stomatological Preparations
Drugs for Acid Related Disorders
Malgradate
Pantoprazole
Esomeprazole
Proglumide
Drugs for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
Domperidone
Antiemetics and Antinauseants
Bile and Liver Therapy Drugs
Bile Therapy
Ursodeoxycholic Acid
Liver Therapy, Lipotropics
Drugs for Bile Therapy and Lipotropics in Combination
Drugs for Constipation
Lactulose
Antidiarrheals, Intestinal Antiinflammatory/Antiinfective Agents
Sulfasalazine
Mesalazine
Antiobesity Preparations, excl. Diet Products
Digestives, incl. Enzymes
Drugs Used in Diabetes
Insulins and Analogues
Insulin Lispro
Insulin Glargine
Metformin
Gliclazide
Glimepiride
Sitagliptin
Vitamins
Colecalciferol
Calcifediol
Biotin
Mineral Supplements
Calcium, Combinations with Vitamin D and/or Other Drugs
Tonics
Anabolic Agents for Systemic Use
Appetite Stimulants
Other Alimentary Tract and Metabolism
Ademetionine
Blood and Blood Forming Organs
Antithrombotic Agents
Warfarin
Clopidogrel
Ticlopidine
Prasugrel
Rivaroxaban
Antihemorrhagics
Antianemic Preparations
Cyanocobalamin
Blood Substitutes and Perfusion Solutions
Other Hematological Agents
Cardiovascular System
Cardiac Therapy
Amiodarone
Antihypertensives
Diuretics
Furosemide
Peripheral Vasodilators
Nicergoline
Vasoprotectives
Beta Blocking Agents
Propanolol
Atenolol
Bisoprolol
Nebivolol
Atenolol and Other Diuretics
Calcium Channel Blockers
Amlodipine
Barnidipine
Lercanidipine
Verapamil
Agents Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin System
ACE Inhibitors, Plain
Enalapril
Ramipril
Perindopril and Amlodipine
Losartan
Telmisartan
Olmesartan Medoxomil
Lipid Modifying Agents
Simvastatin
Atrovastatin
Dermatologicals
Antifungals for Dermatological Use
Emollients and Protectives
Preparations for Treatment of Wounds and Ulcers
Antipruritics, incl. Antihistamines, Anesthetics, etc.
Antipsoriatics
Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics for Dermatological Use
Corticosteroids, Dermatological Preparations
Hydrocortisone
Antispetic and Disinfectants
Medicated Dressings
Anti-Acne Preparations
Other Dermatological Preparations
Genito Urinary System and Sex Hormones
Gynecological Antiinfectives and Antiseptics
Other Gynecologicals
Sex Hormones and Modulators of the Genital System
Desogestrel and Ethinylestradiol
Drospirenone and Ethinylestradiol
Progestogens and Estrogens Systemic Contraceptives, Sequential Preparations
Urologicals
Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
Trospium
Sildenafil
Tamsulosin
Systemic Hormonal Preparations, excl. Sex Hormones and Insulins
Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones and Analogues
Corticotropin
Tetracosactide
Corticosteroids for Systemic Use
Glucocorticoids, Systemic
Betamethasone
Dexamethasone
Methylprednisolone
Prednisolone
Prednisone
Deflazacort
Thyroid Therapy
Levothyroxine Sodium
Thiamazole
Pancreatic Hormones
Calcium Homeostasis
Antiinfectives for Systemic Use
Antibacterials for Systemic Use
Amoxicillin and Beta-Lactamase Inhibitor
Ceftriaxone
Antimycotics for Systemic Use
Antimycobacterials
Rifampicin
Antivirals for Systemic Use
Aciclovir
Valaciclovir
Immune Sera and Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins, Normal Human, for Intravascular Adm.
Tetanus Immunoglobulin
Vaccines
Diphtheria Vaccines
Hepatitis B, Purified Antigen
Poliomyelitis, Trivalent, Inactivated, Whole Virus
Other Vaccines
Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents
Antineoplastic Agents
Cyclophosphamide
Methotrexate
Cladribine
Mitoxantrone
Alectinib
Rituximab
Trastuzumab
Endocrine Therapy
Tamoxifen
Immunostimulants
Interferon Beta Natural
Interferon Beta-1a
Interferon Beta-1b
Peginterferon Alfa-2b
Peginterferon Beta-1a
BCG Vaccine
Glatiramer Acetate
Immunosuppressants
Natalizumab
Fingolimod
Teriflunomide
Alemtuzumab
Ocrelizumab
Siponimod
Daclizumab
Ustekinumab
Tocilizumab
Secukinumab
Azathioprine
Dimethyl Fumarate
Musculo-Skeletal System
Antiinflammatory and Antirheumatic Products
Indometacin
Ketorolac
Ibuprofen
Etoricoxib
Topical Products for Joint and Muscular Pain
Muscle Relaxants
Botulinum Toxin
Baclofen
Tizanidine
Dantrolene
Antigout Preparations
Drugs for Treatment of Bone Diseases
Denosumab
Other Drugs for Disorders of the Musculo-Skeletal System
Nervous System
Anesthetics
Analgesics
Codeine, Combinations excl. Psycholeptics
Acetylsalicylic Acid, Combinations excl. Psycholeptics
Paracetamol
Cannabinoids
Zolmitriptan
Antiepileptics
Phenobarbital
Barbexaclone
Phenytoin
Clonazepam
Carbamazepine
Oxcarbazepine
Valproic Acid
Vigabatrin
Lamotrigine
Topiramate
Gabapentin
Levetiracetam
Pregabalin
Anti-Parkinson Drugs
Levodopa and Decarboxylase Inhibitor
Amantadine
Ropinirole
Pramipexole
Cabergoline
Psycholeptics
Zuclopenthixol
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
Paliperidone
Diazepam
Bromazepam
Clobazam
Prazepam
Alprazolam
Etizolam
Hypnotics and Sedatives
Flurazepam
Triazolam
Brotizolam
Zolpidem
Melatonin
Psychoanaleptics
Amitriptyline
Fluoxetine
Citalopram
Paroxetine
Sertraline
Escitalopram
Trazodone
Mitrazapine
Venlafaxine
Reboxetine
Modafinil
Acetylcarnitine
Amitriptyline and Psycholeptics
Rivastigmine
Other Nervous System Drugs
Naltrexone
Betahistine
Cinnarizine
Flunarizine
Cinnarizine, Combinations
Riluzole
Fampridine
Antiparasitic Products, Insecticides and Repellents
Antiprotozoals
Hydroxychloroquine
Anthelmintics
Ectoparasiticides, incl. Scabicides, Insecticides and Repellents
Respiratory System
Nasal Preparations
Throat Preparations
Drugs for Obstructive Airway Diseases
Cough and Cold Preparations
Antihistamines for Systemic Use
Chlorphenamine
Thiethylperazine
Cetirizine
Other Respiratory System Products
Sensory Organs
Ophthalmologicals
Otologicals
Ophthalmologicals and Otologicals Products
Various
Allergens
All Other Therapeutic Products
Calcium Folinate
Diagnostic Agents
General Nutrients
All Other Non-Therapeutic Products
Contrast Media
Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals
Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals
Surgical Dressings
There was greater than or equal to 50% stenosis (reduction in cross-sectional area) in two coronary arteries (or greater than or equal to 50% stenosis in the left main coronary artery). (ACC) [Definition Source: NCI]
Two Vessel Coronary Disease
Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining practitioner (sign) and subjective evidence of disease perceived by the patient (symptom). [Definition Source: NCI]
Sign or Symptom
Any individual related biologically or legally to another individual and considered two degrees removed from the immediate family as in the case of cousins. [Definition Source: NCI]
Third Degree Relative
A congenital neural tube defect in which vertebrae are not fully formed. It results in the protrusion of the spinal cord through the opening of the vertebrae. [Definition Source: NCI]
Spina Bifida
This gene may play a role in cell death. [Definition Source: NCI]
C9orf72 Gene
This gene is involved in signal transduction. [Definition Source: NCI]
SQSTM1 Gene
A male who shares with his sibling the genetic makeup inherited from both of the biological parents. [Definition Source: NCI]
Brother
A female who shares with her sibling the genetic makeup inherited from both of the biological parents. [Definition Source: NCI]
Sister
Rapid swelling of the deep layers of the skin due to transient vascular leakage of serous fluid. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Angioedema
Inflammation of the eyelids near the eyelashes. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Blepharitits
A potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a pharmacologic substance that is characterized by rash, lymphadenopathy, fever, hematologic abnormalities and involvement of one or more internal organs. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome
A species of enveloped and brick-shaped viruses in the Poxviridae family and Molluscipoxvirus genus. The genome is composed of non-segmented, linear double-stranded DNA. Molluscum contagiosum viruses are found in humans and can cause the disease Molluscum contagiosum. Molluscum contagiosum viruses are transmitted via direct person-to-person contact and contact with infected fomites. [Definition Source: NCI]
Molluscum Contagiosum Virus
A skin condition characterized by hypopigmented, pink or tan, confetti-like, discrete and confluent scaly macules distributed on the chest, shoulders and upper back. [Definition Source: NCI]
Tinea Versicolor
Narrowing of the luminal diameter of one or both ureters due to intrinsic factors. [Definition Source: NCI]
Ureteral Stenosis
Inability to smell. [Definition Source: NCI]
Anosmia
Inability to taste. [Definition Source: NCI]
Ageusia
A collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain. [Definition Source: NCI]
Subdural Hematoma
Diminished mental function. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cognitive Impariment
A migraine disorder characterized by episodes that are preceded by focal neurological symptoms. [Definition Source: NCI]
Migraine With Aura
Pain that occurs after the disappearance of herpes zoster infection lesions. [Definition Source: NCI]
Post-Herpetic Neuralgia
Involuntary twitching of the eyelid. [Definition Source: NCI]
Blepharospasm
This gene plays a role in both neuroprotection and Golgi maintenance [Definition Source: NCI]
OPTN Gene
A wound received from the teeth of a dog. [Definition Source: NCI]
Dog Bite
This gene is involved in the modulation of retrograde transport of cytoplasmic organelles and vesicles. [Definition Source: NCI]
DCTN1 Gene
Sudden onset pyelonephritis. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Acute Pyelonephritis
The organ of sight or vision. [Definition Source: NCI]
Eye
The anterior and superior part of a human bearing the mouth, the brain and sensory organs. [Definition Source: NCI]
Head
A body region referring to an upper or lower extremity. [Definition Source: NCI]
Limb
The tissue occupying the spaces of bone. It consists of blood vessel sinuses and a network of hematopoietic cells which give rise to the red cells, white cells, and megakaryocytes. [Definition Source: NCI]
Bone Marrow
An organ composed of grey and white matter containing billions of neurons that is the center for intelligence and reasoning. It is protected by the bony cranium. [Definition Source: NCI]
Brain
Three sections, the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata, that are located at the base of the brain. The brain stem regulates the central nervous system, and is vital as a conduit for motor and sensory innervations. [Definition Source: NCI]
Brain Stem
The portion of the brain located at the base of the skull that is responsible for balance, equilibrium and movement. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cerebellum
The elongated, approximately cylindrical part of the central nervous system of vertebrates that lies in the vertebral canal and from which the spinal nerves emerge. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: On-line Medical Dictionary]
Spinal Cord
The part of the brain that is located superior to the tentorium cerebelli. [Definition Source: NCI]
Supratentorial Brain
The cavity located between the lungs and pelvis. It contains the lower esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines, liver, gallbladder and spleen. [Definition Source: NCI]
Abdomen
The region of the body that includes the arm, the forearm, and hand. [Definition Source: NCI]
Upper Extremity
The limb that is composed of the hip, thigh, leg and foot. [Definition Source: NCI]
Lower Extremity
The bony, basin-shaped structure formed by the hipbones and the base of the backbone supporting the lower limbs in humans. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pelvis
The division of the body lying between the neck and the abdomen. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thorax
Pericarditis that is caused by an infection with a viral agent. [Definition Source: NCI]
Viral Pericarditis
The portion of the spinal cord located in the cervical region. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cervical Spinal Cord
The portion of the spinal cord located in the thoracic region. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thoracic Spinal Cord
Hypothyroidism, the cause of which is not present at birth. [Definition Source: NCI]
Acquired Hypothyroidism
A series of bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues reaching from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The vertebral column forms the axis of the skeleton and encloses as well as protects the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. [Definition Source: NCI]
Vertebral Column
The region that connects the head to the rest of the body. [Definition Source: NCI]
Neck
Named locations of or within the body. [Definition Source: NCIT] The taxnomy is mainly based on NCIT.
Any detrimental or unintended response associated with the use of a medication in humans. [Definition Source: NCIT] The taxonomy is based on OAE.
Oral preparations containing dietary ingredient(s) intended to supplement the diet. Dietary ingredients include vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, extracts and metabolites. [Definition Source: NCI]
Dietary Supplement
Dietary supplements do not have an ATC but they belong to the GMP class 4AA2F30.
A procedure that collects plasma from the peripheral blood while returning the rest to the donor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Plasmapheresis
Any surgery involving a structure in the head and neck region. [Definition Source: NCI]
Head and Neck Surgery
An infection that is caused by herpes simplex virus. [Definition Source: NCI]
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
A carcinoma involving the basal cells. [Definition Source: NCI]
Basal Cell Carcinoma
The use of opioids that results in the development of a dependency that adversely affects an individual's life. [Definition Source: NCI]
Opioid Use Disorder
Pneumonia that is attributed to the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
A functional unit of heredity which occupies a specific position on a particular chromosome and serves as the template for a product that contributes to a phenotype or a biological function. [Definition Source: NCIT] The taxonomy is based on NCIT.
An acute infection of the respiratory tract that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Based on currently available information, SARS-CoV-2 is thought to mainly spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. Typically, there is a two- to 14-day incubation period and infected persons can present with no symptoms or mild to severe fever, dry cough, fatigue, and difficulty breathing. Dysgeusia, anosmia, and gastrointestinal and flu-like symptoms have also been reported. Older adults and persons of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions may be of higher risk for severe illness, including secondary infections, respiratory failure, and multi-organ dysfunction. [Definition Source: NCI]
COVID-19 Infection
Trauma to the chest. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thoracic Trauma
A type of mechanical ventilation procedure that uses a non-invasive means, such as a face mask or nasal mask, to deliver oxygenated air into the lungs. [Definition Source: NCI]
Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (NIV)
Toxicity that impairs or damages the liver. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hepatic Toxicity
Any natural, endogenously-derived, synthetic or semi-synthetic compound with pharmacologic activity. A pharmacologic substance has one or more specific mechanism of action(s) through which it exerts one or more effect(s) on the human or animal body. They can be used to potentially prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease. Formulation specific agents and some combination agents are also classified as pharmacologic substances. [Definition Source: NCIT] The taxonomy is based on ATC.
Any relative who is two meioses away from a particular individual in a family; a relative with whom one quarter of an individual's genes is shared (i.e., grandparent, grandchild, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, half-sibling) (from Genetics Home Reference glossary) [Definition Source: NCI]
Second Degree Relative
A person related by blood or marriage. [Definition Source: NCIT]
Relative
Any relative who is one meiosis away from a particular individual in a family; a relative with whom one half of an individual's genes is shared (i.e., parent, sibling, offspring) (from Genetics Home Reference glossary) [Definition Source: NCI]
First Degree Relative
This gene plays a role in the immune response and signal transduction. [Definition Source: NCI]
TBK1 Gene
A female human offspring. [Definition Source: NCI]
Daughter
A male parent. [Definition Source: NCI]
Father
A female parent. [Definition Source: NCI]
Mother
A male human offspring. [Definition Source: NCI]
Son
Medicine to stop, prevent, or control seizures (convulsions). [Definition Source: NCI]
Anticonvulsant Agent
Painful sensation in the abdominal region. [Definition Source: NCI]
Abdominal Pain
Acute infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila). Signs and symptoms include productive cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain. [Definition Source: NCI]
Bacterial Pneumonia
An autoimmune genetic disorder with an unknown pattern of inheritance that primarily affects the digestive tract. It is caused by intolerance to dietary gluten. Consumption of gluten protein triggers an immune response which damages small intestinal villi and prevents adequate absorption of nutrients. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, diarrhea or constipation and weight loss. If untreated, the clinical course may progress to malnutrition, anemia, osteoporosis and an increased risk of intestinal malignancies. However, the prognosis is favorable with successful avoidance of gluten in the diet. [Definition Source: NCI]
Celiac Disease
An eyelid cyst caused by the blockage of a meibomian gland. [Definition Source: NCI]
Chalazion
A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity. [Definition Source: NCI]
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Partial or complete paralysis of the facial muscles of one side of a person's face. It is caused by damage to the seventh cranial nerve. It is usually temporary but it may recur. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cranial Nerve VII Palsy
A traumatic or pathologic injury to the femur in which the continuity of the femur is broken. [Definition Source: NCI]
Femur Fracture
Inflammation of the stomach. [Definition Source: NCI]
Gastritis
Increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Glaucoma
Abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Hypothyroidism
Inflammation of the cornea. [Definition Source: NCI]
Keratitis
A degenerative, structural disorder of the eye, characterized by a cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea. It may lead to visual disturbances. [Definition Source: NCI]
Keratoconus
A progressive demyelination within the central nervous system associated with reactivation of a latent JC virus infection. [Definition Source: NCI]
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
A laboratory test result indicating a decreased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Leukopenia
An abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Lymphopenia
A progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Signs and symptoms include tremor which is most pronounced during rest, muscle rigidity, slowing of the voluntary movements, a tendency to fall back, and a mask-like facial expression. [Definition Source: NCI]
Parkinson's Disease
An eye emergency condition which may lead to blindness if left untreated. It is characterized by the separation of the inner retina layers from the underlying pigment epithelium. Causes include trauma, advanced diabetes mellitus, high myopia, and choroid tumors. Symptoms include sudden appearance of floaters, sudden light flushes, and blurred vision. [Definition Source: NCI]
Retinal Detachment
An autoimmune disorder affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltrates which cause destruction of these glands. It results in dry mouth and dry eyes. It may be associated with the presence of other autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. [Definition Source: NCI]
Sjogren Syndrome
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the thyroid gland. Representative examples include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis, follicular adenoma, and carcinoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thyroid Gland Disorder
Inflammation of the thyroid gland. This category includes Hashimoto thyroiditis, Riedel thyroiditis, acute thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and radiation-induced thyroiditis. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thyroiditis
Generalized well circumscribed patches of leukoderma that are generally distributed over symmetric body locations and is due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Vitiligo
Shivering secondary to a febrile process. [Definition Source: NCI]
Fever Chills
An acute infection of the bladder. It is usually caused by bacteria. Signs and symptoms include increased frequency of urination, pain or burning during urination, fever, cloudy or bloody urine, and suprapubic pain. [Definition Source: NCI]
Acute Cystitis
An increase in the level of alanine aminotransferase in the blood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Alanine Aminotransferase Increased
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve). [Definition Source: NCI]
Trigeminal Nerve Disorder
Traumatic or pathological injury to the ankle joint in which the continuity of an ankle bone is broken. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected leg and foot. [Definition Source: NCI]
Ankle Fracture
Inflammation of interstitial lung tissue, usually associated with infection. [Definition Source: NCI]
Interstitial Pneumonia
Life-threatening respiratory failure that develops rapidly. Causes include injury, sepsis, drug overdose, and pancreatitis. It manifests with dyspnea and cyanosis and may lead to cardiovascular shock. [Definition Source: NCI]
Acute Respiratory Failure
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodic disruptions of breathing during sleep. It is caused by the intermittent relaxation of pharyngeal muscles leading to the narrowing or complete blockage of the upper airway. This results in compensatory arousal from sleep to breathe again. An anatomically narrow airway from body habitus or enlarged pharyngeal structures may also predispose to obstruction. Clinical presentation usually includes snoring, daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating and fatigue. Clinical course may progress to chronic hypoxemia with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular sequelae. [Definition Source: NCI]
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
An autoimmune disorder caused by the production of autoantibodies against thyroid tissue. There is progressive destruction of the thyroid follicles leading to hypothyroidism. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Any disorder other than abnormal tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation affecting the nervous system.
Non-Neoplastic Central Nervous System Disorder
Occlusion of the lumen of a vessel by a thrombus that has migrated from a distal site via the blood stream. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thromboembolism
A circular band of muscle that functions to regulate the size of an orifice in the body. [Definition Source: NCI]
Sphincter
A chronic respiratory disease manifested as difficulty breathing due to the narrowing of bronchial passageways. [Definition Source: NCI]
Asthma
A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Adenocarcinoma
This gene plays a role in the transcriptional activation of androgen responsive genes. [Definition Source: NCI]
AR Gene
A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language. [Definition Source: NCI]
Alzheimer's Disease
A reduction in the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, and/or the volume of packed red blood cells. Clinically, anemia represents a reduction in the oxygen-transporting capacity of a designated volume of blood, resulting from an imbalance between blood loss (through hemorrhage or hemolysis) and blood production. Signs and symptoms of anemia may include pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, and fatigability. [Definition Source: NCI]
Anemia
Loss of appetite. [Definition Source: NCI]
Anorexia
A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety. [Definition Source: NCI]
Anxiety Disorder
Any variation from the normal rate or rhythm (which may include the origin of the impulse and/or its subsequent propagation) in the heart. [Definition Source: NCI]
Arrhythmia
An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain. [Definition Source: NCI]
Arthritis
A chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation in the synovial membranes and articular surfaces. It manifests primarily as a symmetric, erosive polyarthritis that spares the axial skeleton and is typically associated with the presence in the serum of rheumatoid factor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A disorder resulting from loss of function or tissue destruction of an organ or multiple organs, arising from humoral or cellular immune responses of the individual to his own tissue constituents. It may be systemic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), or organ specific, (e.g., thyroiditis). [Definition Source: NCI]
Autoimmune Disease
A disorder characterized by behavioral and/or psychological abnormalities, often accompanied by physical symptoms. The symptoms may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of functioning. Representative examples include anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia. [Definition Source: NCI]
Psychiatric Disorder
Infection of the vulva and vagina with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is a disease associated with HIV infection. [Definition Source: NCI]
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas. [Definition Source: NCI]
Carcinoma
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the skin. Primary malignant skin neoplasms most often are carcinomas (either basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas) or melanomas. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the skin include carcinomas and lymphomas. [Definition Source: NCI]
Malignant Skin Neoplasm
The most frequently seen skin cancer. It arises from basal cells of the epidermis and pilosebaceous units. Clinically it is divided into the following types: nodular, ulcerative, superficial, multicentric, erythematous, and sclerosing or morphea-like. More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck and the remaining 15% on the trunk and extremities. Basal cell carcinoma usually grows in a slow and indolent fashion. However, if untreated, the tumor may invade the subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle and bone. Distant metastases are rare. Excision, curettage and irradiation cure most basal cell carcinomas. [Definition Source: NCI]
Skin Basal Cell Carcinoma
A basal cell carcinoma which displays squamous differentiation. The neoplastic cells have more abundant cytoplasm with more marked keratinization than typical basal cell carcinomas. It usually has a more aggressive clinical course compared to typical basal cell carcinoma, and it may produce regional or widespread metastases. [Definition Source: NCI]
Skin Basosquamous Cell Carcinoma
A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cardiovascular Disorder
A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cyst
A melancholy feeling of sadness and despair. [Definition Source: NCI]
Depression
A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization. [Definition Source: NCI]
Diabetes Mellitus
A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of insulin by the pancreas. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Type 1 Diabtes Mellitus
A contagious viral infection caused by the mumps virus. Symptoms include swollen and tender parotid glands, fever, muscle aches and fatigue. Due to vaccination programs, mumps has become a rare disease. [Definition Source: NCI]
Mumps
Any abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the person affected or those in contact with the person. The term is often used broadly to include injuries, disabilities, syndromes, symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function. [Definition Source: NCI]
Disease or Disorder
A form of dermatitis characterized by red, itchy, scaly, or crusty patches that can be chronic or intermittent. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Eczema
The growth of functional endometrial tissue in anatomic sites outside the uterine body. It most often occurs in the pelvic organs. [Definition Source: NCI]
Endometriosis
A brain disorder characterized by episodes of abnormally increased neuronal discharge resulting in transient episodes of sensory or motor neurological dysfunction, or psychic dysfunction. These episodes may or may not be associated with loss of consciousness or convulsions. [Definition Source: NCI]
Seizure Disorder
A chronic condition characterised by recurrent generalised seizures. [Definition Source: NCI]
Generalized Epilepsy
A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts. [Definition Source: NCI]
Fibroma
A hemangioma characterized by the presence of cavernous vascular spaces. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cavernous Hemangioma
Inflammation of the liver; usually from a viral infection, but sometimes from toxic agents. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hepatitis
Acute inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is highly contagious and usually contracted through close contact with an infected individual or their feces, contaminated food or water. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hepatitis A Infection
A neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells which contain Birbeck granules by ultrastructural examination. Three major overlapping syndromes are recognized: eosinophilic granuloma, Letterer-Siwe disease, and Hand-Schuller-Christian disease. The clinical course is generally related to the number of organs affected at presentation. (WHO, 2001) [Definition Source: NCI]
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
An immune response that occurs following exposure to an innocuous antigen, but that does not require the presence of preformed antibodies to the antigen. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hypersensitivity
Blood pressure that is abnormally high. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hypertension
A severe, acute increase in blood pressure that may result in stroke or myocardial ischemia. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hypertensive Crisis
Overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormone and increased metabolic rate. Causes include diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (Graves' disease), single nodule in the thyroid gland, and thyroiditis. The symptoms are related to the increased metabolic rate and include weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, insomnia, muscle weakness, and tremor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hyperthyroidism
The most common type of cutaneous cyst. It results from the proliferation of epidermal cells in a circumscribed space within the dermis. It is usually asymptomatic and presents as a firm, round nodule. [Definition Source: NCI]
Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
A progressive autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system resulting in demyelination. Patients develop physical and cognitive impairments that correspond with the affected nerve fibers. [Definition Source: NCI]
Multiple Sclerosis
An infection caused by a fungus. [Definition Source: NCI]
Fungal Infection
A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias. [Definition Source: NCI]
Neoplasm
Having a high amount of body fat (body mass index [BMI] of 30 or more). [Definition Source: NCI]
Obesity
A condition of reduced bone mass, with decreased cortical thickness and a decrease in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence. Osteoporosis is classified as primary (Type 1, postmenopausal osteoporosis; Type 2, age-associated osteoporosis; and idiopathic, which can affect juveniles, premenopausal women, and middle-aged men) and secondary osteoporosis (which results from an identifiable cause of bone mass loss). [Definition Source: NCI]
Osteoporosis
A well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The tumor can be hormonally functioning or not. It has a low frequency of metastatic spread. When metastatic, the term metastatic pituitary neuroendocrine tumor is endorsed instead of pituitary carcinoma. (WHO) [Definition Source: NCI] It has exact synonim: Pituitary Gland Adenoma.
Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor
Increased amounts of fluid within the pleural cavity. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and chest pain. It is usually caused by lung infections, congestive heart failure, pleural and lung tumors, connective tissue disorders, and trauma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pleural Effusion
An acute, acute and chronic, or chronic inflammation focally or diffusely affecting the lung parenchyma, due to infections (viruses, fungi, mycoplasma, or bacteria), treatment (e.g. radiation), or exposure (inhalation) to chemicals. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fevers, chills, chest pain, headache, sweating, and weakness. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pneumonia
An autoimmune condition characterized by red, well-delineated plaques with silvery scales that are usually on the extensor surfaces and scalp. They can occasionally present with these manifestations: pustules; erythema and scaling in intertriginous areas, and erythroderma, that are often distributed on extensor surfaces and scalp. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Psoriasis
Clinical, laboratory or molecular evidence, or absence of evidence of disease. [Definition Source: NCI]
Finding
A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event. [Definition Source: NCI]
Stroke
A laboratory test result indicating that there is an abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thrombocytopenia
A parasitic disease contracted by the ingestion or fetal transmission of toxoplasma gondii. [Definition Source: NCI]
Toxoplasmosis
A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the body of the uterus. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern. [Definition Source: NCI]
Uterine Corpus Leiomyoma
A genetic disorder characterized by defects in the synthesis of cortisol and/or aldosterone, resulting in hyperplasia of the adrenal cortical cells. [Definition Source: NCI]
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the motor neurons of the central nervous system. It results in weakness and atrophy of the muscles which leads to an inability to initiate and control voluntary movements. [Definition Source: NCI]
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A congenital hemolytic anemia caused by defects of the erythrocyte membrane, enzyme deficiencies, or hemoglobinopathies. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia
A disorder of the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Often these moods range and shift from periods of elation and energized behavior to those of hopelessness and depression. [Definition Source: NCI]
Bipolar Disorder
A closed dislocation of the shoulder [Definition Source: NCI]
Closed Dislocation of Shoulder
The presence of one or more stones in the common bile duct. They are composed either of cholesterol or, less commonly, calcium salts and bilirubin. [Definition Source: NCI]
Common Bile Duct Stone
A condition associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, which is characterized by hemolysis. [Definition Source: NCI]
Favism
An inflammatory disorder that affects the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly, this is attributed to viruses; however bacteria, parasites or adverse reactions can also be the culprit. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and vomiting. [Definition Source: NCI]
Gastroenteritits
A traumatic injury to the head. [Definition Source: NCI]
Head Trauma
Pain in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve. [Definition Source: NCI]
Headache
The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hernia
A superficial fibromatosis arising from the soft tissue of the palm. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, and an infiltrative growth pattern. It predominantly affects adult males. [Definition Source: NCI] It has exact synonim: Dupuytren Contracture; Palmar Fibromatosis; Dupuytren's Contracture.
Palmar Fibromatosis
The protrusion of a sac-like structure containing fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening in the inguinal region. [Definition Source: NCI]
Inguinal Hernia
A lesion caused by type 1 or type 2 herpes simplex virus, involving the oralfacial region. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cold Sore
A clinical syndrome of fever, sore throat, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus. Subsequent physical findings may include hepatomegaly, palatal petechiae, jaundice, uvular edema, and splenomegaly. [Definition Source: NCI]
Infectious Mononucleosis
Ileus of the intestine in which there is no mechanical obstruction. [Definition Source: NCI]
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body. [Definition Source: NCI]
Iridocyclitis
Hypertension that presents without an identifiable cause. [Definition Source: NCI]
Essential Hypertension
A ventricular arrhythmia characterized by a long QT interval, and accompanied by syncopal episodes sometimes leading to sudden death due to paroxysmal ventricular arrhythmia. This arrhythmia is associated with a prolongation of repolarization following depolarization of the cardiac ventricles. The prolongation of the Q-T interval combined with torsades de pointes manifests as several different forms; some may be acquired or congenital; some may lead to serious arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. [Definition Source: NCI]
Long QT Syndrome
A finding of low numbers of red and white blood cells and platelets in the peripheral blood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pancytopenia
An allergy to Penicillin. [Definition Source: NCI]
Penicillin Allergy
A diverse category of psychiatric disorders characterized by behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture; this pattern of deviation is pervasive and inflexible and is stable over time. The behavioral pattern negatively interferes with relationships and work. [Definition Source: NCI]
Personality Disorder
Inflammation of the lungs due to the inhalation of solid or liquid material. [Definition Source: NCI]
Aspiration Pneumonitis
Swelling and protrusion of the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa due to an accumulation of synovial fluid. [Definition Source: NCI]
Baker Cyst
An idiopathic inflammatory disorder characterized by the formation of non-necrotizing epithelioid granulomas which contain giant cells. It usually affects the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, and skin. Cardiac involvement is also possible. [Definition Source: NCI]
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis affecting the lung parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas in the lung tissues. It is manifested with dyspnea, cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
A dislocation of the shoulder joint. [Definition Source: NCI]
Shoulder Dislocation
An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of any sinus cavity. [Definition Source: NCI]
Sinusitis
Infection by Staphylococcus. [Definition Source: NCI]
Staphylococcal Infection
A spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood supply to the brain. [Definition Source: NCI]
Syncope
An inherited blood disorder characterized by a decreased synthesis of one of the polypeptide chains that form hemoglobin. Anemia results from this abnormal hemoglobin formation. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thalassemia
A primary melanoma arising from atypical melanocytes in the skin. Precursor lesions include acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Several histologic variants have been recognized, including superficial spreading melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, nodular melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cutaneous Melanoma
An inflammatory pathologic process that affects the vulva and the vagina. [Definition Source: NCI]
Vulvovaginitis
Necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area. It is characterized by a severe and rapid onset of symptoms that may include chest pain, often radiating to the left arm and left side of the neck, dyspnea, sweating, and palpitations. [Definition Source: NCI]
Acute Myocardial Infarction
A traumatic break in one of the bones in the rib cage that does not involve a break in the adjacent skin. [Definition Source: NCI]
Closed Fracture of Rib
An infectious process that affects a tooth. It is characterized by localized periapical or periodontal collection of pus. It presents with pain and swelling of the gums and/or cheek. [Definition Source: NCI]
Tooth Abscess
An abnormal laboratory test result indicating the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the blood or urine. [Definition Source: NCI]
Monoclonal Gammopathy
Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to the head and neck. [Definition Source: NCI]
Head and Neck Finding
Injury
An abnormally slow heart rate. Thresholds for different age, gender, and patient populations exist. [Definition Source: NCI]
Bradycardia
A laboratory test result indicating an increased amount of cholesterol in the blood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hypercholesterolemia
The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine. [Definition Source: NCI]
Proteinuria
A feeling of movement, a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). Vertigo is medically distinct from dizziness, lightheadedness, and unsteadiness. [Definition Source: NCI]
Vertigo
A cystic lesion located in the skin. [Definition Source: NCI]
Skin Cyst
A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the cervical squamous epithelium. It is usually associated with human papillomavirus infection. It is classified as cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 2 when there is nuclear atypia in both the upper and lower epithelial layers, mitotic figures are confined to the basal two-thirds of the epithelium, and maturation is present in the upper half of the epithelium. It is classified as cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia 3 when there is nuclear atypia and mitotic figures throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium, and maturation is absent or confined to the upper third of the epithelium. [Definition Source: NCI]
High Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia
A clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder, characterized by proliferation in the bone marrow of one or more of the myeloid (i.e., granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mast cell) lineages. It is primarily a neoplasm of adults. (WHO 2008) [Definition Source: NCI]
Myeloproliferative Neoplasm
An adenocarcinoma arising from the colon. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, colonic adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Colon Adenocarcinoma
Loss of intellectual abilities interfering with an individual's social and occupational functions. Causes include Alzheimer's disease, brain injuries, brain tumors, and vascular disorders. [Definition Source: NCI]
Dementia
A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by gradual and progressive loss of neural tissue and neurologic function. [Definition Source: NCI]
Central Nervous System Degenerative Disorder
A carcinoma arising from the breast, most commonly the terminal ductal-lobular unit. It is the most common malignant tumor in females. Risk factors include country of birth, family history, menstrual and reproductive history, fibrocystic disease and epithelial hyperplasia, exogenous estrogens, contraceptive agents, and ionizing radiation. The vast majority of breast carcinomas are adenocarcinomas (ductal or lobular). Breast carcinoma spreads by direct invasion, by the lymphatic route, and by the blood vessel route. The most common site of lymph node involvement is the axilla. [Definition Source: NCI]
Breast Carcinoma
Subjective evidence of disease perceived by the patient. [Definition Source: NCI]
Symptom
The part of the spine in the lower back that consists of the lumbar region and the sacrum. [Definition Source: NCI]
Lumbosacral Region
A carcinoma that arises from the skin. Representative examples are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Skin Carcinoma
A blood clot in a deep vein, predominantly in the lower extremity, but may include the pelvis or upper extremity. [Definition Source: NCI][attribution: NICHD]
Deep Vein Thrombosis
A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by the replacement of consistent P waves by rapid oscillations or fibrillatory waves that vary in size, shape and timing and are accompanied by an irregular ventricular response. (CDISC) [Definition Source: NCI]
Atrial Fibrillation
The metabolic condition resulted from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the shift of acid-base status of the body toward the acid side because of loss of base or retention of acids other than carbonic acid is accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies in body tissues and fluids. [Definition Source: NCI]
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Inability of the heart to pump blood at an adequate rate to meet tissue metabolic requirements. Clinical symptoms of heart failure include: unusual dyspnea on light exertion, recurrent dyspnea occurring in the supine position, fluid retention or rales, jugular venous distension, pulmonary edema on physical exam, or pulmonary edema on chest x-ray presumed to be cardiac dysfunction. [Definition Source: NCI]
Heart Failure
Headache in erect position, after lumbar puncture; due to lowering of intracranial pressure by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the needle tract. [Definition Source: NCI]
Lumbar Puncture Headache
An abnormality that affects hearing within the first month after birth. It may or may not result in hearing loss. [Definition Source: NCI]
Neonatal Hearing Impairment
The obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus, sometimes associated with infarction of the lung. [Definition Source: NCI]
Pulmonary Embolism
A brief attack (from a few minutes to an hour) of cerebral dysfunction of vascular origin, with no persistent neurological deficit. [Definition Source: NCI]
Transient Ischemic Attack
A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate of 240-340 beats per minute. Multiple P waves typically appear in the inferior leads in a saw tooth-like pattern between the QRS complexes. (CDISC) [Definition Source: NCI]
Atrial Flutter
Objective evidence of disease perceptible to the examining healthcare provider. [Definition Source: NCI]
Sign
This gene plays a role in the detoxification of superoxide radicals in the cytosol. [Definition Source: NCI]
SOD1 Gene
An enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. SGPT is released into blood when the liver or heart is damaged. The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated with liver damage (for example, from viral hepatitis) or with an insult to the heart (for example, from a heart attack). Some medications can also raise SGPT levels. Also called alanine aminotransferase (ALT). [Definition Source: RxList] Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) [Definition Source: U.s. Department of Health and Human Services]
Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase, CTCAE
A pathologic tract that connects an opening in the anal canal to the perianal skin. In the vast majority of cases there is a history of perianal abscess. [Definition Source: NCI]
Anorectal Fistula
A chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness. It is caused by the blockage of the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. [Definition Source: NCI]
Myasthenia Gravis
Joint inflammation associated with psoriasis. [Definition Source: NCI]
Psoriatic Arthritis
The absence of menses in a woman who has achieved reproductive age. [Definition Source: NCI]
Amenorrhea
A naturally occurring micronutrient, synthesized in small amounts by plants and animals (including humans), with antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. Alpha-lipoic acid acts as a free radical scavenger and assists in repairing oxidative damage and regenerates endogenous antioxidants, including vitamins C and E and glutathione. This agent also promotes glutathione synthesis. In addition, alpha-lipoic acid exerts metal chelating capacities and functions as a cofactor in various mitochondrial enzyme complexes involved in the decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids. [Definition Source: NCI]
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome. Two distinct clinicopathological entities are recognized: neurofibromatosis type 1 and neurofibromatosis type 2. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is associated with the presence of cafe-au-lait cutaneous lesions, multiple neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, optic nerve gliomas, and bone lesions. Neurofibromatosis type 2 is associated with the presence of schwannomas, meningiomas, and gliomas. [Definition Source: NCI]
Neurofibromatosis
The set of vertebrae immediately caudal to the skull. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cervical Spine
Those vertebrae between the ribs and the pelvis, L1-L5 in man. [Definition Source: NCI]
Lumbar Spine
The vertebrae of the thoracic spine, numbered one through twelve in man. [Definition Source: NCI]
Thoracic Spine
Inflammation of a serous membrane. [Definition Source: NCI]
Serositis
A common dermal and neurologic disorder caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus that has remained dormant within dorsal root ganglia, often for decades, after the patient's initial exposure to the virus in the form of varicella (chickenpox). It is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. [Definition Source: NCI]
Herpes Zoster
A male grandchild. [Definition Source: NCI]
Grandson
A female grandchild. [Definition Source: NCI]
Granddaughter
A daughter of your brother or sister. [Definition Source: NCI]
Niece
A son of your brother or sister. [Definition Source: NCI]
Nephew
A child of your aunt or uncle or their descendents. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cousin
A child of your aunt or uncle. [Definition Source: NCI]
First Cousin
Atrophic gastritis that is persistent and long-standing. [Definition Source: NCI]
Chronic Atropic Gastritis
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland. [Definition Source: NCI]
Malignant Thyroid Gland Neoplasm
A neoplasm composed of melanocytes that usually appears as a dark spot on the skin. [Definition Source: NCI]
Melanocytic Nevus
Complaints describing a pattern similar to influenza, which may include one or more of the following symptoms: fever, chills, muscle or body aches, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, or fatigue. [Definition Source: NCI]
Flu-Like Symptoms
Paroxysmal and severe flank pain radiating to the inguinal area. It is caused by the passage of a kidney stone through the ureter. [Definition Source: NCI]
Renal Colic
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes caused by an IgE-mediated response to external allergens. The inflammation may also involve the mucous membranes of the sinuses, eyes, middle ear, and pharynx. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and itching. It may lead to fatigue, drowsiness, and malaise thus causing impairment of the quality of life. [Definition Source: NCI]
Allergic Rhinitis
A movement disorder caused by defects in the basal ganglia. The clinical manifestations include changes in the muscle tone, dyskinesia, and akinesia. Causes include vascular disorders, degenerative disorders, and antipsychotic drugs. [Definition Source: NCI]
Extrapyramidal Disorder
This gene is involved in transcription and mRNA splicing. [Definition Source: NCI]
TARDBP Gene
A monoclonal expansion of B-lymphocytes with or without the characteristic immunophenotype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It precedes virtually all cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Monoclonal B_Cell Lymphocytosis
A lipoprotein metabolism disorder characterized by decreased levels of high-density lipoproteins, or elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and/or triglycerides. [Definition Source: NCI]
Dyslipidemia
Anemia caused by low iron intake, inefficient iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, or chronic blood loss. [Definition Source: NCI]
Iron-Deficiency Anemia
A disorder caused by a spinal injury leading to an incomplete spinal lesion. Patients develop paralysis, ataxia and loss of sensation. Causes include spinal cord tumors, spinal traumas, ischemia, and inflammatory processes affecting the spine. [Definition Source: NCI]
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
A rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of coagulation factor XI. It may be asymptomatic or manifest with bleeding. [Definition Source: NCI]
Hereditary Factor XI Deficiency
A syndrome caused by progressive degeneration of the frontal or temporal lobes of the brain. It is manifested with personality changes and deterioration of the language skills. [Definition Source: NCI]
Frontotemporal Dementia
A group of inherited or acquired skin disorders characterized by a dry, thickened, and scaly skin. The skin changes range from mild to severe. [Definition Source: NCI]
Ann Arbor Classification: Stage IV: Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional lymph node involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant site(s); or any involvement of the liver or bone marrow, lungs (other than by direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid. [Definition Source: NCI]
Ann Arbor Stage IV Mantle Cell Lymphoma
A disorder characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve. Causes include autoimmune disorders, infections, toxins, drugs, and multiple sclerosis. It may manifest with acute loss of vision and pain. [Definition Source: NCI]
Optic Neuritis
A rare neurologic progressive disorder characterized by impairment of the language and speech abilities. [Definition Source: NCI]
Primary Progressive Aphasia
A tumor at the original site of origin. [Definition Source: NCI]
Primary Neoplasm
A rare, slowly progressive degenerative disorder affecting males. It is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. It is characterized by bulbar and limb muscle weakness and atrophy, and gynecomastia. [Definition Source: NCI]
Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, X-linked 1
Ann Arbor Stage IV T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
A congenital abnormality consisting of a fissure in the midline of the hard and/or soft palate; it is the result of the failure of the two sides of the palate to fuse during embryonic development. [Definition Source: NCI]
Cleft Palate
A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation. [Definition Source: NCI]
Fibromyalgia
A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity. [Definition Source: NCI]
Migraine
Blockage of the normal flow of the intestinal contents within the bowel. [Definition Source: NCI]
Bowel Obstruction
This gene is involved in gene expression, genomic integrity and RNA processing. [Definition Source: NCI]
FUS Gene
A category of psychiatric disorders which have as their most predominant feature a disturbance in mood. [Definition Source: NCI]
Mood Disorder
A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the colon. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. [Definition Source: NCI]
Malignant Colon Neoplasm
The backward flow of stomach acid contents into the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). [Definition Source: NCI]
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol. [Definition Source: NCI]
Alcohol Dependance
A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas. [Definition Source: NCI]
Malignant Neoplasm
A streptococcal infection, mainly occurring among children, that is characterized by a red skin rash, sore throat, and fever. [Definition Source: NCI]
Scarlet Fever
A female relative who is a sibling of either of the biological parents, and who share a common ancestor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Aunt
A male relative who is the biological father of either the biological mother or the biological father. [Definition Source: NCI]
Grandfather
A female relative who is the biological mother of either the biological mother or the biological father. [Definition Source: NCI]
Grandmother
A female relative who is a sibling of the biological mother, and who both share a common ancestor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Maternal Aunt
A male relative who is a sibling of the biological mother, and who both share a common ancestor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Maternal Uncle
A female relative who is a sibling of the biological father, and who both share a common ancestor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Paternal Aunt
A male relative who is a sibling of the biological father, and who both share a common ancestor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Paternal Uncle
A male relative who is a sibling of either of the biological parents, and who share a common ancestor. [Definition Source: NCI]
Uncle
A contagious childhood disorder caused by the varicella zoster virus. It is transmitted via respiratory secretions and contact with chickenpox blister contents. It presents with a vesicular skin rash, usually associated with fever, headache, and myalgias. The pruritic fluid-filled vesicles occur 10-21 days after exposure and last for 3-4 days. An additional 3-4 days of malaise follows before the affected individual feels better. An individual is contagious 1-2 days prior to the appearance of the blisters until all blisters are crusted over. Generally, healthy individuals recover without complications. [Definition Source: NCI]
Chicken Pox
An acute inflammation of the tonsils caused by viruses or bacteria. Signs and symptoms include fever, enlargement of the tonsils, difficulty swallowing, and enlargement of the regional lymph nodes. [Definition Source: NCI]
Acute Tonsillitis
A persistent non-neoplastic disorder of the lungs. Representative examples include: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, atelectasis, radiation induced pneumonitis, and radiation fibrosis. [Definition Source: NCI]
Chronic Lung Disorder
A rare congenital syndrome characterized by the fusion of the vertebrae in the cervical spine. Patients present with a short neck and restricted mobility of the upper spine. Other signs and symptoms include scoliosis, spina bifida, cleft palate, and rib malformations. [Definition Source: NCI]
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Traumatic or pathological injury to the radius bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken. [Definition Source: NCI]
Radius Fracture
Traumatic or pathological injury to the tibia in which the continuity of the bone is broken. [Definition Source: NCI]
Tibia Fracture
A disorder characterized by the degeneration of the nervous system due to autoimmunity. Representative examples include multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and myasthenia gravis. [Definition Source: NCI]
Autoimmune Nervous System Disorder
An adverse event that occurs after a drug administration. [Definition Source: OAE]
Adverse Drug Event
An errored drug administration where a patient is administered with an ineffective drug. [Definition Source: OAE]
Administration of Ineffective Drug
A hypersensitivity AE that has an outcome of allergic reactions to certain drugs. [Definition Source: OAE]
Drug Hypersensitivity AE
A drug AE that has an outcome of lower threshold to the normal pharmacologic action of a drug. [Definition Source: OAE]
Drug Intolerance AE
Institute of Molecular Medicine Joao Lobo Antunes
Instituto de medicina molecular Joao Lobo Antunes
Nicola Ferro
Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio
Laura Menotti
Guglielmo Faggioli
Stefano Marchesin
Gianmaria Silvello
Diminished psychological function.
Behavioral Impairment
Therapy based on cortisone used for treating relapses.
Cortisone Therapy for Relapse
Symptomatic therapy for Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
Drugs for MS Symptomatic Therapy
Therapy for managing side effects of MS therapy.
Drugs for MS Therapy Side Effects
Any drugs used to treat other diseases.
Drugs for Other Diseases
Therapy employed to slow the progression of the disease.
Immunoactive Drugs
Covid-19 Vaccines
BG-12
Ecunerv is recommended to help maintain normal functions of the nervous system under abnormal conditions such as neuropathy (due to mechanical, metabolic, toxic, ischemic, optical, alcoholic, diabetic or post-herpetic causes), canalicular syndrome, radiculopathy. B-vitamins (B1, B6 and B12) work in synergy with magnesium and help maintain normal functions of the nervous system. Vitamin E helps protect cells from oxidative stress. [Definition Source: https://www.ecupharma.it/en/ecunerv - visited on November 28th, 2022]
Ecunerv
This taxonomy comprises disease, disorder or findings. The taxonomy is mainly based on NCIT.
Disease, Disorder or Finding Taxonomy
This taxonomy describes the different ethinic groups. The taxonomy is based on SNOMED-CT.
Group Taxonomy
This taxonomy describes the different type of relative a person can have. The taxonomy is based on NCIT.
Kinship Type Taxonomy
This taxonomy describes the occupation of a person. The taxonomy is based on ECO occupations.
Occupation Taxonomy
This taxonomy describes the type of surgical procedures. The taxonomy is based on SNOMED-CT.
Surgical Procedure Type Taxonomy
This taxonomy describes the type of therapeutic procedures. The taxonomy is manly based on NCIT.
Therapeutic Procedure Type Taxonomy
Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón
Mondino Foundation
University of Padua
Università degli Studi di Padova
University of Turin
Università degli Studi di Torino